Community - Week 1 (Ch 1 2 4) - Evolve Questions

Question 1

Jennifer is a nurse in a family medicine clinic. Today she is assessing Jose, a 4-year-old who is being seen for an earache. The type of nursing Jennifer practices is:
A. community-oriented nursing.
B. community-based nursing.
C. public health nursing.
D. tertiary health nursing.

Answer 1

B. community-based nursing.

In community-based nursing, the nurse focuses on “illness care” of individuals and families across the life span. The aim is to manage acute and chronic health conditions in the community, and the practice is family-centered illness care. Community-based nursing is not a specialty in nursing but, rather, a philosophy that guides care in all nursing specialties. Community-oriented nursing has as its primary focus the health care either of the community or populations as in public health nursing (PHN) or of individuals, families, and groups in a community.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 2

Question 2

A community-oriented nurse has identified obesity as a problem in the middle school. The next step in a population-focused practice is to make information available about the health of the middle school students. This describes the public health core function of:
A. assessment.
B. assurance.
C. policy development.
D. research.

Answer 2

A. assessment.

The three public health core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment is systematic data collection on the population, monitoring the population’s health status, and making information available about the health of the community. Policy development refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions. Assurance is making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available. These services might include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them. Assurance also includes making sure that a competent public health and personal health care workforce is available.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 4

Question 3

A state agency has received multiple complaints regarding the availability of elder transportation services to a specific county senior center. The state agency assigns a public health nurse to work with the community to evaluate its program for elder transportation services to publicly sponsored elder care programs. The public health core function applied is:
A. assurance.
B. policy development.
C. primary prevention.
D. public transportation.

Answer 3

A. assurance.

The public health core function of assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to be sure that activities are appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. This role requires skill in assessment, investigative functions, collaboration, consultation, and cooperation. Assurance also includes assisting communities to implement and evaluate plans and projects. Policy development refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions. Primary prevention does not focus on provision of services and a part of assurance is assisting communities to obtain necessary services such as transportation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 4

Question 4

A nurse planning a smoking cessation clinic for adolescents in the local middle schools and high schools is providing:
A. community-oriented care.
B. community-based care.
C. secondary care.
D. tertiary care.

Answer 4

A. community-oriented care.

Community-oriented nurses emphasize health protection, maintenance, and promotion and disease prevention, as well as self-reliance among clients. Regardless of whether the client is a person, a family, or a group, the goal is to promote health through education about prevailing health problems, proper nutrition, beneficial forms of exercise, and environmental factors such as safe food, water, air, and buildings. Community-based care is nursing care that is provided in a setting. A smoking cessation clinic is an example of primary prevention, not secondary or tertiary.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 2

Question 5

Public health nursing is a specialty with a distinct focus and scope of practice and requires a special knowledge base different from other specialty areas of nursing. A public health nurse would first be interested in:
A. drug treatments for diabetes.
B. populations with the highest rate of diabetes.
C. educational materials for individuals with diabetes.
D. new technology for diabetic care.

Answer 5

B. populations with the highest rate of diabetes.

The primary focus that has differentiated public health nursing from other specialties has been the emphasis on the population rather than on individuals or families. The primary goal of public health—the prevention of disease and disability—is achieved by ensuring that conditions exist in which people can remain healthy. Diabetes care and educational materials are provided to individuals and families by a nurse in the community or institutional setting.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Pages 4-5

Question 6

A nurse in a clinic that provides direct care services to clients with tuberculosis would be classified as practicing:
A. community-based nursing.
B. community-oriented nursing.
C. institutional nursing.
D. public health nursing.

Answer 6

A. community-based nursing.

The nurse practicing as a community-based nurse is more likely to give direct care to people than are nurses who practice from a community-oriented framework. A community-oriented framework includes community-oriented nursing and public health nursing. Institutional nursing care is generally delivered in a hospital or nursing home setting.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 11

Question 7

A school nurse teaches three middle school students with asthma conditions techniques to minimize their incidence of bronchial spasms. This is an application of:
A. community-based nursing.
B. community-oriented nursing.
C. institutional nursing.
D. public health nursing.

Answer 7

A. community-based nursing.

The goal of community-based nursing (CBN) is to manage acute or chronic conditions while promoting self-care among individuals and families. In CBN the nursing care is family centered, which means that the nurse works to improve the competencies of families to enable them to take better care of themselves. The nurse pays particular attention to the uniqueness of each family and works to plan the most useful interventions. Nurses practicing in the community and many staff public health nurses focus on providing direct care services, including health education, to persons or families outside of institutional settings, either in the home or in a clinic.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Pages 10-11

Question 8

In a community clinic that screens and treats individuals for cardiovascular disorders, the nurse practicing public health/population-focused nursing would most likely ascertain:
A. a holistic treatment plan.
B. a specific clinical diagnosis.
C. individual dietary interventions for cardiovascular disorders.
D. the prevalence rate of cardiovascular disorders among various groups.

Answer 8

D. the prevalence rate of cardiovascular disorders among various groups.

A public health nurse in a community clinic engaged in population-focused practice would ask the following questions:
· What is the prevalence rate of the diagnosis or condition among various age, race, and gender groups?
· Which subpopulations have the highest rates of untreated diagnosis or condition?
· What programs could reduce the problem of untreated diagnosis/condition and decrease the risk for further morbidity and mortality?

Public health nurses are typically concerned with more than one subpopulation, and they often deal with the health of the entire community. Assessment, one of the public health core functions, is a logical first step in examining a community setting to determine its health status.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Pages 7-8

Question 9

In a federally funded preschool program such as Head Start, nursing services that include conducting developmental-level screening for cognitive and psychomotor development of individual children would most likely be considered community-oriented nursing care when:
A. individual results are compared with established standards for children of the same age group.
B. program characteristics are assessed for their effectiveness in making the school population healthier.
C. referral is provided for a child identified with delayed psychomotor development.
D. treatment is initiated for a child with an identified learning disability.

Answer 9

A. individual results are compared with established standards for children of the same age group.\

Within federally funded programs for preschool children, from a community-oriented nursing care perspective, nursing services could be provided to individual children by conducting developmental-level screening tests to evaluate each child’s level of cognitive and psychomotor development in comparison with established standards for children of the same age. This is population-focused service. A community-based nurse may deliver illness care or direct services to individual children. A public health nurse may assess the program’s ability to achieve the overall goal of making its population of children healthier by evaluating the characteristics of the facility, program, and environment for their effectiveness in achieving the goal.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 10

Question 10

The public health nurse deals with the examination of a community setting to determine the community’s health status. Which of the following activities should be considered in the assessment phase? (Select all that apply.)
A. Assisting communities to implement and evaluate plans and projects
B. Building constituencies to work with the community
C. Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information
D. Evaluating the social, economic, and environmental characteristics of the population
E. Questioning the availability of health services to the community

Answer 10

C. Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information
D. Evaluating the social, economic, and environmental characteristics of the population
E. Questioning the availability of health services to the community

The core public health function of assessment includes the following:
· Engaging in activities that involve the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on both the health and health-relevant aspects of a community or specific population
· Questioning, for example, whether the health services of the community are available to the population and are adequate to address needs
· Monitoring the health status of the community or population and the services provided over time
· Evaluating the social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle characteristics and practices of a population as well as the health services and capability available within the community to support good health for the population
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 8

Question 11

The term "instructive district nursing" was coined in the nineteenth century to describe the relationship of nursing to:
A. health education.
B. home health care.
C. settlement houses.
D. visiting nurse services.

Answer 11

A. health education.

In 1886 in Boston, two women, to improve their chances of gaining financial support for their cause, coined the term “instructive district nursing” to emphasize the relationship of nursing to health education. Other nurses established settlement houses and neighborhood centers, which became hubs for health care and social welfare programs. Home health and visiting nursing evolved at a later time.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 18

Question 12

In the United States, the current system of the local government’s responsibility for providing care for the disenfranchised emerged from:
A. Elizabethan Poor Law
B. Florence Nightingale
C. Public Health Service (PHS)
D. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Answer 12

A. Elizabethan Poor Law

Colonial Americans established systems of care for the sick, poor, aged, mentally ill, and dependent based on the model of the Elizabethan Poor Law. Early county or township government was responsible for the care of all dependent residents, and they were strict about caring for their own residents. In 1918 the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) established a division of public health nursing to work in the war effort. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was established during the depression to support nurse employment through increased grants-in-aid for state programs of home medical care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Pages 15-16

Question 13

Community-oriented nursing in the twenty-first century has been influenced by historical events and government initiatives that support the approach of:
A. caring for the disenfranchised.
B. illness care.
C. keeping the public healthy.
D. preventing acute illness.

Answer 13

C. keeping the public healthy.

The Healthy People program, recent disasters and acts of terrorism, and most recently the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 have brought renewed emphasis on prevention to public and community health nursing. During the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, challenges have continued to trigger growth and change in nursing in the community. Nurses continue to care for the vulnerable populations, provide illness care, and prevent acute illness while delivering care that is safe and high in quality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Pages 27-28

Question 14

In 1902 Lillian Wald introduced the concept of school nursing to address the problem of student absenteeism by:
A. enforcing the Department of Health’s rules and regulations.
B. excluding infectious children from the school environment.
C. providing and obtaining medical treatment for absent students.
D. providing shoes and clothing for absent students.

Answer 14

C. providing and obtaining medical treatment for absent students.

In New York City in 1897, school medical examination focused on excluding infectious children from school. By 1902, more than 20% of children might be absent from school on any given day because no one was focused on providing or obtaining medical treatment so that absent children could return to school. Lillian Wald introduced an English innovation by providing nurses for schools. The first school nurses made home visits to teach parents and provide follow-up care to children absent from schools.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 19

Question 15

The historical nursing figure who contributed to establishing the foundation for current community health and nursing in community health by working in military field hospitals using a population-based approach that improved nursing care and environmental conditions was:
A. Florence Nightingale.
B. Frances Root.
C. Lillian Wald.
D. Mary Breckinridge.

Answer 15

A. Florence Nightingale.

During the Crimean War (1854-1856), the British military established hospitals for sick and wounded soldiers in Scutari in Asia Minor. The care of the soldiers was poor, with cramped quarters, poor sanitation, lice and rats, not enough food, and inadequate medical supplies. When the British public demanded improved conditions, Florence Nightingale asked to work in Scutari. Because of her wealth, social and political connections, and knowledge of hospitals, the government sent her with a contingent of ladies, hired nurses, and hired servants to Scutari. Using simple epidemiology measures, she documented decreased mortality rates from the beginning of the war to the end of the war. Florence Nightingale progressively improved the soldiers’ health using a population-based approach that improved both environmental conditions and nursing care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 17

Question 16

Mary Breckinridge established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) in 1925. One of Breckinridge’s primary contributions to health care in the United States was:
A. the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).
B. introduction of the first nurse-midwives.
C. the nursing process.
D. occupational health nursing.

Answer 16

B. introduction of the first nurse-midwives.

The unique pioneering spirit of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) influenced the development of public health programs to improve the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the Appalachian sections of southeastern Kentucky. FNS nurses were trained in nursing, public health, and midwifery. Breckinridge, the founder of the FNS, introduced the first nurse-midwives into the United States.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Pages 21-22

Question 17

Congress-supported categorical funding has produced what negative effect on the delivery of health care services?
A. Beginning of 2-year associate’s degree programs in nursing.
B. A reduction in comprehensive community health programs
C. End of insurance company support for visiting nurses.
D. Rise in hospital-based care.

Answer 17

B. A reduction in comprehensive community health programs

The shift in Congress to categorical funding provides federal money for priority diseases or groups rather than for a comprehensive community health program. Thus local health departments design programs to fit the funding priorities. This has included maternal and child health services and crippled children (1935), venereal disease control (1938), tuberculosis (1944), mental health (1947), industrial hygiene (1947), and dental health (1947). This type of funding pattern continues today.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 23

Question 18

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the current status of nursing in community health?
A. Each type of nurse is needed in today’s communities.
B. Community health serves only clients with chronic conditions.
C. Comprehensive reform of health care is required.
D. People no longer believe they can protect themselves.

Answer 18

A. Each type of nurse is needed in today’s communities.

Many nurses work in the community. Some bring a public health population-based approach and have as their goal preventing illness and protecting health. Other nurses have a community-oriented approach and deal primarily with the health care of individuals, families, and groups in the community. Still other nurses bring a community-based approach that focuses on “illness care” of individuals and families in the community. Each type of nurse is needed in today’s communities. The latter two groups are growing and will continue to do so, because so much health care is being provided in community rather than inpatient settings. What is necessary is the extension of public health services to prevent illness, promote health, and protect the public. Without this extension a large gap would exist in the design of a comprehensive program for health care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 28

Question 19

Which of the following factors assisted such community-oriented nursing pioneers as Lillian Wald to develop approaches and programs to solve the health care and social problems of the late 1800s? (Select all that apply.)
A. Community health’s focus on teaching and prevention
B. Establishment of settlement houses
C. Establishment of the Town and Country Nursing Services in large cities
D. Lack of public interest in limiting disease
E. Middle and upper class fear of diseases

Answer 19

A. Community health’s focus on teaching and prevention
B. Establishment of settlement houses
E. Middle and upper class fear of diseases

In the 1890s the public was interested in limiting disease among all classes of people, partly for religious reasons, partly for charity, but also because the middle and upper classes were afraid of the diseases that seemed to be brought in by the large communities of European immigrants. Nurses began to establish settlement houses and neighborhood centers, which became hubs for health care and social welfare programs. From the beginning, community health nursing practice included teaching and prevention. Community-oriented interventions led to improved sanitation, economic improvements, and better nutrition. These interventions were credited with reducing the incidence of acute communicable diseases. Pioneers in public health nursing, such as Lillian Wald, took advantage of the public’s concern and existing practice models to solve health care and social problems that reduced the incidence of acute communicable diseases in immigrant communities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 18

Question 20

What was the initial impact of African-American nurses working in the public health setting? (Select all that apply.)
A. African-American nurses in the South were paid less than their white counterparts.
B. African-American nurses held supervisory roles.
C. Public health nursing certificate and graduate education programs were segregated in the South.
D. Nursing education for southern nurses was provided through free educational grants.
E. Study outside the South for southern nurses was difficult to afford and study leaves from the workplace were rarely granted.

Answer 20

A. African-American nurses in the South were paid less than their white counterparts.
C. Public health nursing certificate and graduate education programs were segregated in the South.
E. Study outside the South for southern nurses was difficult to afford and study leaves from the workplace were rarely granted.

African-American nurses seeking to work in public health nursing faced many challenges. Nursing education was absolutely segregated in the South until at least the 1960s, and elsewhere was also generally segregated or rationed until the mid-twentieth century. Even public health nursing certificate and graduate education programs were segregated in the South; study outside the South for southern nurses was difficult to afford and study leaves from the workplace were rarely granted. The situation improved somewhat in 1936, when collaboration between the United States Public Health Service and the Medical College of Virginia (Richmond) established a certificate program in public health nursing for African-American nurses for which the federal government paid nurses’ tuition. Discrimination continued during nurses’ employment: African-American nurses in the American South were paid lower salaries than their white counterparts for the same work. In 1930, only 6 African-American nurses held supervisory positions in public health nursing organizations.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 22

Question 21

Ethical decision making is conducted in a generic framework. One step of ethical decision making is to place an ethical issue or dilemma within a meaningful context. The rationale for this step is:
A. multiple factors affect the formulation and justification of ethical issues and dilemmas.
B. the nature of ethical issues and dilemmas determines the specific ethical approach used.
C. people cannot make sound ethical decisions if they cannot identify ethical issues and dilemmas.
D. professional persons cannot avoid choice and action in applied ethics.

Answer 21

A. multiple factors affect the formulation and justification of ethical issues and dilemmas.

The historical, sociological, cultural, psychological, economic, political, communal, environmental, and demographic contexts affect the way ethical issues and dilemmas are formulated and justified. The nature of ethical issues and dilemmas determines the specific ethical approach used when appropriate approaches are considered. The identification process assists people with making sound decisions. Professionals use ethical decision making to make decisions and take action.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 54 (Table 4-1)

Question 22

The ethical question, "Are persons assigned to develop community knowledge adequately prepared to collect data on groups and populations?" is based on an ethical tenet that supports the community-oriented core function of:
A. assessment.
B. assurance.
C. policy development.
D. compliance.

Answer 22

A. assessment.

Assessment is systematic data collecting about the population, monitoring of the population’s health status, and making information available about the health of the community. Competency related to knowledge development, analysis, and dissemination is important because the research, measurement, and analysis techniques used to gather information about groups and populations usually differ from techniques used to assess individuals. Policy development and assurance are core functions that use ethical decision making in community-oriented health services.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 60

Question 23

The community-oriented nursing care function of policy development is supported by the ethical tenet of:
A. competency.
B. do no harm.
C. what is ethical is also good policy.
D. to each person a fair share.

Answer 23

C. what is ethical is also good policy.

Policy development refers to the need to provide leadership in developing polices that support the health of the population, including the use of a scientific knowledge base in making decisions about policy. What is ethical should be the sole foundational pillar upon which community-oriented nursing is based. Moral leadership is critical to policy development because it is the highest human standard and therefore should result in ethical health care policies. Competency and do no harm refer to the assessment function of public health nursing. “To each person a fair share” applies to the assurance function of public health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 60

Question 24

The historical figure whose work in providing care to poor people, primary prevention, and environmental health established that individual as nursing's first moral leader and community-oriented nurse was:
A. Sister Mary Augustine.
B. Florence Nightingale.
C. William Rathbone.
D. Lillian Wald.

Answer 24

B. Florence Nightingale.

Modern nursing has a rich heritage of ethics and morality, beginning with Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). The morals and values she gave to nursing have endured. She was passionate about the need to provide care to poor people and also about the importance of a sanitary environment, as seen in her work with soldiers in the Crimean War (1854-1856). Because of her commitment to poor individuals in communities, her championing of primary prevention, and her work to show that healthy environments saved soldiers’ lives, she is seen as nursing’s first moral leader and community-oriented nurse. Sister Mary Augustine, William Rathbone, and Lillian Wald are not known as nursing’s first moral leader.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 53

Question 25

In applying Ethical Principles for Effective Advocacy, the ethical principle that empowers the client (groups or communities) to make knowledgeable decisions is:
A. act impartially and offer frank, independent advice.
B. act in accordance with the client’s wishes and instructions.
C. act in the client’s best interest.
D. keep the client properly informed.

Answer 25

D. keep the client properly informed.

The Ethical Principles for Effective Advocacy identifies six ethical principles for effective advocacy:
1. Act in the client’s best interest.
2. Act in accordance with the client’s wishes and instructions.
3. Keep the client properly informed.
4. Carry out instructions with diligence and competence.
5. Act impartially and offer frank, independent advice.
6. Maintain client confidentiality.
By following the third principle, “Keep the client properly informed,” the client is empowered to make knowledgeable decisions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 64

Question 26

Provision 3 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses states, “The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient.” In applying this provision to practice, the public health nurse understands that:
A. patient means the recipient of nursing care.
B. the profession’s integrity is at stake.
C. rights of the individual supersede.
D. this applies only to nursing in community health.

Answer 26

A. patient means the recipient of nursing care.

In the Code of Ethics for Nurses, Provision 3, the term patient means the recipient of nursing care, whether an individual, family, group, or community. In nursing, the emphasis is on professional standards, active involvement in nursing, and the integrity of the profession. All nurses have a responsibility to meet these obligations. Provision 1 of the Code of Ethics addresses primarily the individual but acknowledges that there are times when public health considerations override individual rights. Provisions 2 and 3 and their interpretive statements are pertinent to nurses in community health and to public health nurses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 62

Question 27

Virtue ethics is distinctly different from moral justification via theories or principles because the emphasis of virtue ethics is practical reasoning applied to:
A. character development.
B. consequentialism.
C. distributive justice.
D. egalitarianism.

Answer 27

A. character development.

The goal of virtue ethics, one of the oldest ethical theories, is to enable persons to flourish as human beings. According to Aristotle, virtues are acquired excellent traits of character that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural good. Examples of virtue ethics include benevolence, compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, and conscientiousness. Consequentialism is the action that produces the greatest amount of good or the least amount of harm in a given situation. Distributive or social justice refers to the allocation of benefits and burdens to members of society. Egalitarianism is the view that everyone is entitled to equal rights and equal treatment in society.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 58

Question 28

Caring and the ethic of care is a core value of nursing in community health. This ethical view was developed in the mid-1980s and early 1990s in response to the technical advances in health care science and the desire of nurses to:
A. apply gender-related voices to moral judgment.
B. apply principles of utilitarianism.
C. differentiate distributive justice from beneficence.
D. differentiate nursing practice from medical practice.

Answer 28

D. differentiate nursing practice from medical practice.

The view of caring and the ethic of care that emerged in the mid-1980s and early 1990s was a response to the technological advances of science and the desire of nurses to differentiate nursing practice from medical practice. It is closely interrelated with feminist ethics. Caring and the ethic of care are core values of public health nursing. These concepts are not associated with utilitarianism or the differentiation between distributive justice and beneficence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 58

Question 29

The most significant commonalities between the ANA's Scope and Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice and the Public Health Code of Ethics assert that advocacy is conducted in the:
A. assertiveness arena.
B. education arena.
C. litigation arena.
D. policy arena.

Answer 29

D. policy arena.

The ANA’s Code of Ethics for Nurses states, “The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient,” whereas the Public Health Code of Ethics states, “Public health should advocate and work for the empowerment of disenfranchised community members, aiming to ensure that the basic resources and conditions necessary for health are accessible to all.” The Code of Ethics for Nurses (American Nurses Association, 2001) emphasizes political action as the mechanism to effect social justice and reform regarding homelessness, violence, and stigmatization. There are commonalities between the Code of Ethics for Nurses and the Code of Ethics for Public Health. Both codes provide general ethical principles and approaches that are enduring and dynamic.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Pages 61-63

Question 30

A community-based HIV/AIDS clinic would be concerned about which aspects of the Public Health Code of Ethics? (Select all that apply.)
A. Autonomy of the professional
B. Confidentiality when possible
C. Funding
D. Promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons
E. Respecting only community rights

Answer 30

B. Confidentiality when possible
D. Promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons

The 12 principles of the Public Health Code of Ethics incorporate the ethical tenets of preventing harm; doing no harm; promoting good; respecting both individual and community rights; respecting autonomy, diversity, and confidentiality when possible; ensuring professional competency; trustworthiness; and promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons within the community.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 62