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Abnormal Psych > Chapter 2: Understanding Psychological Disorders: The Neuropsychosocial Approach > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Understanding Psychological Disorders: The Neuropsychosocial Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Etiology

A

The factors that lead a person to develop a psychological disorder

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer of cells on the surface of the brain

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Brain cells that process information related to physical, mental, and emotional functioning

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4
Q

Brian circuits

A

Sets of connected neurons that work together to accomplish a basic process

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5
Q

Brain systems

A

Sets of brain circuits that work together to accomplish a complex function

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6
Q

Action pontential

A

The wave of chemical activity that moves from the cell body down the axon when a neuron fires

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7
Q

Synapse

A

The place where the tip of the axon of one neuron send signals to another neuron

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are release by the terminal buttons and cross the synaptic cleft.

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9
Q

Genes

A

segments of DNA that control the production of particular proteins and other substances

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10
Q

Genotype

A

the sum of an organism’s genes

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

the sum of an organism’s observable traits

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12
Q

Complex Inheritance

A

The transmission of traits that are expressed along a continuum by the interaction of sets of genes

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13
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

The field that investigates the degree to which the variability of characteristics in a population arises from genetic versus environmental factors

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14
Q

Heritability

A

An estimate of how much the variation in a characteristic within a population (in a specific environment) can be attributed to genetics

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15
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Twins who have basically the same genetic makeup because they began life as a single fertilized egg, which then divided into two embryos, also referred to as identical twins

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16
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins who developed from two fertilized eggs and so have the same overlap in genes (50%) as do siblings not conceived at the same time; fraternal twins

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17
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning that occurs when two stimuli are paired so that a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elevates a reflexive behaviors, also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning

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18
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A stimulus that reflexively elicits a behavior

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19
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

A behavior that is reflexively elicited by a stimulus

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS):

A

A neutral stimulus that, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit the reflexive behavior

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21
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A response that comes to be elicited by the previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

Emotions and emotion-related behaviors that are classically conditioned

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23
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The process whereby responses come to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

24
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated depends on the consequences associated with the behavior

25
Q

Reinforcement

A

The process by which the consequence of behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior’s recurrence

26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The type of reinforcement that occurs when desired reinforcer is received after behavior, which makes the behavior more likely to occur again in the future

27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The type of reinforcement that occurs when an aversive or uncomfortable stimulus is removed after a behavior, which makes that behavior more likely to be produces again in the future

28
Q

Punishment

A

The process by which an event or object that is the consequence of a behavior decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

29
Q

Positive punishment

A

The type of punishment that takes place when a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence, which makes the behavior less likely to recur

30
Q

Negative punishment

A

The type of punishment that takes place when a behavior is followed by the removal of a pleasant or desired event or circumstance, which decreases the probability of the behavior’s recurrence

31
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The state of “giving up” that arises when an animal or person is in an aversive situation where it seems that no action can be effective

32
Q

Observational learning

A

The process of learning through watching what happens to others; also referred to as modeling

33
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

Dysfunctional, maladaptive thoughts that are not accurate reflections of reality and contribute to psychological disorders

34
Q

Emotion

A

A short-lived experience evoked by a stimulus that produces a mental response, a typical behavior, and a positive or negative subjective feeling

35
Q

Affect

A

An emotion that is associated with a particular idea or behavior, similar to an attitude

36
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

An expression of emotion that is not appropriate to what a person is saying or not appropriate to the situation

37
Q

Flat affect

A

A lack of, or considerably diminished, emotional expression, such as occurs when someone speaks robotically and shows little facial expression

38
Q

Mood

A

A persistent emotion that is not attached to a stimulus; it exists in the background and influences mental processes, mental contents, and behaviors

39
Q

Temperament

A

The various aspects of personality that reflect a person’s typical emotional state and emotional reactivity (including the speed and strength of reactions to stimuli)

40
Q

High expressed emotion

A

A family interaction style characterized by hostility, unnecessary criticism, or emotional over involvement

41
Q

Social support

A

The comfort and assistance that an individual receives through interactions with others

42
Q

Labile affect

A

Affect that changes inappropriately rapidly

43
Q

Reuptake

A

The process of moving leftover neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse back into the sending neuron

44
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals that are released directly into the bloodstream that activate or alter the activity

45
Q

Social causation hypothesis

A

Daily stressors of urban life, especially as experienced by people in a lower socioeconomic class, trigger mental illness in those who are vulnerable

46
Q

Social selection hypothesis

A

People who are mentally ill “drift” to a lower socioeconomic level because of their impairments; also referred to as social drift

47
Q

All-or-nothing thinking

A

(Cognitive distortion) seeing things in black and white

48
Q

Overgeneralization

A

(Cognitive distortion) seeing a single negative event as part of a never-ending pattern of such events

49
Q

Mental filter

A

(Cognitive distortion) focusing too strongly on negative qualities or events

50
Q

Disqualifying the positive

A

(Cognitive distortion) not recognizing or accepting positive experiences or events, thus emphasizing the negative

51
Q

Jumping to conclusions

A

(Cognitive distortion) making an unsubstantiated negative interpretation of events

52
Q

Personalization

A

(Cognitive distortion) seeing yourself as the cause of a negative event when in fact you were not actually responsible

53
Q

Novelty seeking

A

(Cloninger’s Four Temperaments) searching out novel stimuli and reacting positively to them; high levels can lead to being impulsive, avoiding frustration, and easily getting angry

54
Q

Harm avoidance

A

(Cloninger’s Four Temperaments) reacting very negatively to harm and avoiding it whenever possible

55
Q

Reward dependence

A

(Cloninger’s Four Temperaments) degree to which past behaviors that have led to desired outcomes in the past are repeated

56
Q

Persistence

A

(Cloninger’s Four Temperaments) making continued efforts in the face of frustration when attempting to accomplish something

57
Q

Cloninger’s Four Temperaments

A
  1. novelty seeking
  2. persistence
  3. reward dependence
  4. harm avoidance

Abnormal Psych (16 decks)

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