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Study Questions > Fluid Analysis > Flashcards

Fluid Analysis Flashcards

0
Q

What industry group sets standards for the following products? Lubricants in general, gear oils, engine oils, grease, and industrial oils.

A 
Lubricants in general - ASTM 
Gears - AGMA and API 
Engine oils - API and SAE
Grease - NLGI 
International oils - ISO or DIN 
Page 81
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1
Q

After running a demulsibility test, the results were recorded as 40/40/0. What does this mean?

A

40 ml oil / 40 ml water / 0 ml emulsion

Page 82

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2
Q

Name five terms used to report viscosity.

A
  1. Apparent 6. Redwood Universal
  2. Absolute cP 7. Redwood Admiralty
  3. Kinematic cSt 8. Engler
  4. Saybolt Universal Viscosity 9. Saybolt Furol
  5. Brookfield
    Page 87
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3
Q

How is absolute viscosity measured?

A

Absolute viscosity is the tangential force on a unit area of either one of two parallel planes at a unit distance apart when the space is filled with liquid and one of the planes moves relative to the other with unit velocity in its own plane.

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4
Q

How is kinematic viscosity measured?

A

Kinematic viscosity is the time required for a fixed amount of oil to flow through a capillary tube under the force of gravity at a specified temperature.

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5
Q

Viscosity Index is calculated from viscosities measured at what temperatures?

A

Viscosity Index is calculated from viscosities measured at 40°C and 100°C or 100° F and 210° F.

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6
Q

An AGMA 5 gear oil is approximately what ISO VG? SAE gear oil grade? SAE engine oil grade?

A

ISO VG 220
SAE 90 gear oil
SAE 50 engine oil.
Page 87

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7
Q

The change in neutralization number of industrial lube oil in service is useful for monitoring what property of the oil?

A

Level of deterioration due to oxidation.

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8
Q

How is neutralization number expressed? What does it signify?

A

Neutralization number is the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the acid in one gram of oil.

Total Acid Number is expressed in ml KOH. TAN is used for industrial oils to indicate level of oxidation.

HCI is used to measure Total Base Number, but is expressed in equivalent KOH. It is used to measure the acid-neutralizing capability of
engine oils.

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9
Q

Name three oxidation tests.

A
  1. Staeger Oxidation Test
  2. Universal Oxidation Test
  3. CIGRE IP 280.85
  4. ASTM D 943 Turbine Oil Stability Test
  5. ASTM D 2272 Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test (RBOT)
  6. ASTM D 942 Oxidation Stability of Greases
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10
Q

What does RBOT stand for and what property is RBOT useful in monitoring?

A

Rotary bomb oxidation test (RBOT)
It is now called Rotary Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT)
RBOT is useful in monitoring oxidation life of a lubricant.

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11
Q

What is flash point?

A

The flash point of a lubricant is the lowest temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapors so that the vapors will ignite when a small flame is periodically passed over the surface of a lubricant.

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12
Q

Name three flash point tests?

A 
Three commonly used flash point tests are:
ASTM D 92 Cleveland Open Cup
ASTM D 93, Pensky-Martens Closed Cup
ASTM D 56 Tag Closed Cup
Page 84
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13
Q

What is fire point?

A

The fire point is the temperature at which oil gives off enough vapors that a spark will ignite them and maintain a flame for at least 5 seconds.

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14
Q

Emission spectroscopy cannot detect particles in lubricating oil greater than _____ microns in size.

A

10 microns

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15
Q

What type of analysis measures wavelength absorbance by water, hydrocarbons, oxidation products, nitration products, and glycol?

A

Infrared analysis

(FTIR) Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis

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16
Q

Name two methods of measuring water in oil.

A
  1. Water by distillation and Karl Fischer

2. Qualitatively, water can be detected visually or by using the crackle test

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17
Q

What is the difference between the static and dynamic demulsibility test?

A

Static demulsibility tests measure the ability of oil to separate from water without agitation. Dynamic demulsibility measures water separability under circulating conditions.

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18
Q

What does a water washout test measure?

A

The tendency of grease to withstand water washout in bearings. A ball bearing is rotated 600 rpm; 100 degrees F water impinges on the bearing plate. The test measures the percent of grease washed out in one hour. The test is repeated with 175° F water.

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19
Q

What is the Dropping Point test?

A

The Dropping Point test is a test that measures the temperature at which a drop of fluid is released from a grease test cup. It measures the temperature at which the thickener breaks down.

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20
Q

What is BS&W?

A

BS&W stands for Bottom Sediment and Water, a measure of water and solid contamination in oil and fuel

21
Q

What test would be used to detect nitration in gas engine oil?

A

Infrared analysis (FTIR)

22
Q

What is the Timken OK Load test?

A

Timken OK Load is a measure of the EP characteristics of a lubricant. The Timken Ok load is the maximum load that can be applied without scoring a test block loaded by a lever arm.

23
Q

What is copper strip corrosion?

A

ASTM D 130 Copper Corrosion measures corrosion on a copper strip when it is immersed in a lubricant under standard conditions. Results are reported on a scale from 1a (slight tarnish) to 4c (jet black corrosion).

24
Q

What test is performed on electrical insulating oils to determining their suitability for continued use?

A

Dielectric Strength and other tests suggested by IEEE and ANSI

25
Q

What is pH? Why is a pH test generally not run on lubricating oils?

A

pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. Since oil and water don’t mix, pH values for oil are not accurate.

26
Q

What on-site test can be performed on water-based hydraulic fluids or metalworking coolants to check water content?

A

Refractometer or refractive index (it’s also possible to add sulfuric acid or Epsom salts to break the emulsion and measure the phases in graduated cylinder)

27
Q

What are Conradson and Ramsbottom carbon.

A

Carbon Residue Test and Ramsbottom Carbon measures the amount of carbon residue remaining after extreme heating in the absence of air.
It is expressed as the amount of carbon in oil after coking.

28
Q

What does a panel coker test measure?

A

The panel coker test measures the coking tendency (or the tendency to form solid decomposition products) when in contact with surfaces at elevated temperature.

29
Q

When is the best time to take a sample for oil analysis?

A

While the system is circulating and while the machine is operating at normal loads, pressures, speeds, and temperatures.

30
Q

A4-Ball EP Load Wear Index Test result of 56 would indicate what level of EP performance: None, mild or high?

A

High
High is 50 to 75
Mild is 35 to 45
Page 84

31
Q

When taking a sample from a valve in a system, you must first_____________ the valve and then ______________ it before taking the sample.

A

clean and open safely

purge

32
Q

Name ten test methods used to evaluate oils.

A

Air Entrainment Airline Point Ash Content
Color Auto-Ignition Temperature
Bomb Oxidation Stability Cooper Strip Corrosion Demulsibility
Dielectric Strength Flash point Foam
Four-Ball wear and EP Neutralization Number Oxidation Stability
Pour Point Rust Spectrographic Tests Timken EP
Viscosity Viscosity Index Water and Sediment

33
Q

Name ten grease tests.

A

Cone Penetration (worked and unworked) Corrosion Prevention
Dropping Point Four-Ball EP Four-Ball Wear Mobility
Grease Consistency Oil Separation Oxidation Stability
Rust Timken EP Starting and Running Torque
Water Washout Water Sprayoff Wheel Bearing Leakage

34
Q

What does R&O stand for?

A

Rust and Oxidation

35
Q

What does ISO stand for?

A

International Standards Organization

36
Q

What does NLGI stand for?

A

National Lubrication Grease Institute

37
Q

What does AGMA stand for?

A

American Gear Manufacturers Association

38
Q

When monitoring a lube oil in service, what does an increase in viscosity suggest? A decrease in viscosity?

A 
INCRESE = Oxidation, Contamination 
DECREASE = Fuel and/or lighter viscosity dilution
39
Q

The analytical technique involving passing a sample of used oil along a capillary or microscopic slide through a magnetic field is called?

A

Ferrography

40
Q

What are the three primary sources of silicone in a used mineral oil?

A

Antifoam agents
Dirt
Seal Materials

41
Q

If the particle count of a fluid has progressed from 14/12 to 13/11, the level of contamination in the oil has been per cent.

A

Reduced by fifty

42
Q

In order to obtain a representative used oil sample from a sump or gearbox, the sample should not be taken from what part of the reservoir?

A

Bottom and/or Top

43
Q

Below 140 F, degradation of lube oil due to is quite low.

A

Oxidation

44
Q

Name three aspects of an used lubricating oil that can be determined from an IR spectra?

A

a. Type Base Oil
b. Presence of Water
c. Presence of Oxidation Products
d. Additive Depletion
e. Standard Mismatch

45
Q

If oil analysis is to be used to monitor all the contaminants in a lube system, including those ingested and generated by the system, then the sample should be taken from the __________ line upstream of any filter.

A

Return

46
Q

In interpreting the results of the Foam Test performed on a lubricating oil, what is the significance of the two numerical results reported for each test sequence?

A

Foam in ml after 5min. Of blowing & after 10 min. of settling.

47
Q

Name three factors that can accelerate degradation of a lube oil in service.

A

High temperatures, presence of contaminants such as water, presence of cooper or other catalytic metals, aeration, additive depletion, mixed lubricants.

48
Q

Name seven tests that might be run on engine oil.

A

TBN, FTIR, fuel dilution, viscosity, spectrometals, moisture, fuel soot

49
Q

What test can you use to tell if a lubricant has acidic, neutral or basic properties?

A

Neutralization number expressed as TBN or TAN

50
Q

What is emissions spectroscopy?

A

Test that determines the concentration of elements in a sample by measuring the light emitted as the sample is vaporized.

51
Q

What does a foam test result of 150/0 mean?

A

150 ml of foam after 5 minutes, 0 after 10 minutes.

Study Questions (17 decks)

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