Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience IV - Sara > Concussion > Flashcards

Concussion Flashcards

1
Q

Annual number of TBIs

A
  • 1.7 million annually
  • 80% of individuals go to the ER
  • Unsure of how many people receive other medical care or no care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Percentages of TBIs and causes

A
  • Falls = 35.2%
  • MVA = 17.5%
  • Struck by or against = 16.5%
  • Assault = 10%
  • Unknown = 21%
  • 83.5% are non-sports related injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of Concussion

A
  • Concussion is a brain injury and is defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by a biomechanical force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanism of Injury

A
  • Mechanical trauma to the brain as a result of an acceleration/deceleration force
  • Direct blow to head, face, or neck
  • Direct blow elsewhere on body with impulsive force transmitted to head
  • Blast injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathophysiology of Mechanical Trauma

A
  • Acceleration/deceleration force causes axonal stretching and deformation
  • may or may not have LOC (4-10%)
  • Rapid onset of short lived impairments
  • Symptoms due to functional disturbance
  • Neurometabolic changes result without visual abnormalities
  • Physiologic changes at cellular level
  • Neurons dysfunctional, not destroyed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary blast injury definition

A
  • Produced by contact of blast shockwave with body
  • Stress and shear wave occurs in tissues
  • Waves reinforced and reflected at tissue density interfaces
  • Gas filled organs at risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary blast injury - typical injuries

A

Tympanic membrane rupture, blast lung, eye injuries, concussion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secondary Blast Injury definition

A
  • Ballistic wounds produced by primary or secondary fragments that extends further than blast wave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary Blast Injury - typical injuries

A
  • Penetrating injuries, traumatic amputations, lacerations, concussions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tertiary blast injury definition

A
  • Blast wave propels individuals onto surface/objects or objects onto individuals - whole body translocation
  • Crush injuries caused by structural damage and building collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tertiary blast injury - typical injuries

A
  • Blunt injuries, crush syndrome, compartment syndrome, concussion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Quartenary blast injury definition

A
  • other explosion related injury, illness, or disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Quartenary blast injury - typical injuries

A
  • Burns, inhalation injury ,injury from environmental containment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Quinary injury definition

A
  • Injuries resulting from specific additives such as bacteria and radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is most common type of blast injury?

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blast injury severities based on

A
  • Initial strength of blast

- Environment which blast takes place (worse in closed space, fluid environment, closer distance from blast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathophysiology of neurometabolic cascade

A

increase energy demand + decrease blood supply = metabolic crisis –> inflammation

18
Q

Symptoms post-concussion

A 
o	Headache
o	Nausea
o	Vomiting
o	Balance problems
o	Dizziness
o	Fatigue
o	Trouble falling asleep
o	Sleeping more or less than usual
o	Drowsiness
o	Sensitivity to light or noise or both
o	Irritability
o	Sadness
o	Nervousness
o	Feeling more emotional
o	Numbness or tingling 
o	Feeling slowed down 
o	Feeling mentally foggy
o	Difficulty concentrating
o	Difficulty remembering
19
Q

Ascending Reticular formation

A

Arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, sensory integration

20
Q

Descending reticular formation

A

posture, equilibrium, autonomic function

21
Q

unknown reticular formation

A

control of gaze, eye movements

22
Q

Risk Factors of Concussion (Collins article)

A 
Previous concussion
Migraine 
Learning disability
Sex (women > men)
Age (younger, longer to heal)
Motion sensitivity/ocular history
23
Q

Concussion clinical trajectories (Collins Article)

A
  • Vestibular
  • Ocular
  • Cognition
  • Migraine
  • Cervical
  • Anxiety
24
Q

Symptoms of concussion focused on during PT treatment

A

Vestibular
Ocular
Cervical

25
Q

What varies in examination of patient with concussion than other patients?

A

History and tests & measures

26
Q

Computer Based Neuro testing

A

cogsport
headminders
ANAM
ImPact

27
Q

Normal Convergence

A

6-10 cm with corrected vision

28
Q

Postural Control tests

A
  • Dynamic posturography
  • BESS Test
  • CTSIB
29
Q

What symptoms occur with concussion and whiplash injuries?

A 
Headache
balance problems
dizziness
fatigue
sleeping less than usual
numbness/tingling
30
Q

Symptoms predicting poor outcome

A

Foggy feeling
Difficulty concentrating
Vomiting
Dizziness

31
Q

Etiology of dizziness

A
  • Peripheral vestib disorders
  • Central vestib disorders
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Ocular motor abnormalities
  • Cervicogenic
32
Q

What percentage of people with dizziness have etiology of BPPV?

A

<5%

33
Q

PT interventions in patients with concussion

A
  • Activity modification/patient education
  • Vestibular rehabilitation
  • Postural control retraining
  • Exertional training
34
Q

Prescription of exercises for concussion patients vs. vestibular hypofunction patients

A
  • Fewer reps
  • Decreased frequency
  • Monitor for onset of symptoms
  • Training for improved processing v. training for motor learning
  • Head amplitude of movement 4-5 reps
35
Q

What are the current principles of exertional training in patients with concussions?

A

Patients should begin training when they can tolerate exercise without provoking symptoms
OLD thought - do not exert until baseline symptoms resolve

36
Q

Return to Play

A
  • Symptom free at rest
  • Back to baseline on neurocog exam
  • Symptom free after exertion
  • Medically cleared
  • Complete 5 levels of exertional training
37
Q

5 Stages of Exertional training

A

o 1. Light aerobic/conditioning, balance exercises in quiet space with limited head movement
o 2. Light to moderate aerobic/conditioning, balance exercises with head movement in gym type area; resistance exercise, low intensity sport specific exercise
o 3. Moderately aggressive aerobic exercises (intervals, stairs, etc.), all forms of strengthening, challenging positional changes, impact activities (running, plyometrics), more aggressive sport specific exercises; add concentration challenges
o 4. Resume aggressive training routines, maximal exertions
o 5. Full physical training activities with contact

38
Q

Medication management of concussions target

A
  1. headache
  2. Sleep disturbance
  3. Mood disorder
  4. Cognitive impairments
39
Q

Second Impact Syndrome

A
  • Catastrophic cerebral edema after apparent TBI/concussion
  • 2 hits close succession
  • Coma & severe neuro deficits
  • Often fatal and occur in young adults
40
Q

Chronic Traumatic encephalopathy

A
  • Neurodegenerative disease occurring years or decades after recovery from acute effects of head trauma
  • Repeated axonal pertubations trigger a pathological cascade in susceptible individuals
  • Insidious onset in mid-life, gradual course
  • Behavioral, cognitive, and motor changes
  • Suicide and drug overdose

Neuroscience IV - Sara (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions