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Anatomy Exam 2 > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer forms the epithelial lining and glands of the GI tract?

A

endoderm

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2
Q

Which germ layer forms the smooth muscle and connective tissue of the GI tract?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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3
Q

Which germ layer forms parietal peritoneum?

A

somatic mesoderm

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4
Q

Which germ layer forms visceral peritoneum along with dorsal and ventral mesentary?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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5
Q

Which germ layer forms the enteric nervous system?

A

neuroectoderm from neural crest cells

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6
Q

What artery supplies the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal arch aa.

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7
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

celiac trunk

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8
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric a.

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9
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric a.

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10
Q

What are the derivatives of the foregut?

A
  • pharynx
  • lower respiratory system
  • esophogus
  • stomach
  • proximal 1/2 of duodenum
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • biliary system
  • pancreas
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11
Q

What is a respiratory diverticulum and when does it develop?

A
  • endoderm bud on ventral side of foregut that will become the trachea, respiratory tree and lungs)
  • week 4
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12
Q

As the stomach begins to expand, the ___________ side grows faster to become the ___________, which ultimately faces to the patient’s __________ side. This occurs at week _______.

A

dorsal, greater curvature, left, 4

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13
Q

The stomach rotates _____ degrees ______________.

A

90, clockwise

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14
Q

After the stomach rotates, the ______ vagus n. supplies the dorsal side, and the ______ vagus n. supplies the ventral side.

A

right, left

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15
Q

Where is the omental bursa located?

A

between the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall

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16
Q

As the stomach rotates, which direction is the dorsal mesogastrium carried, and what does it form?

A

left, omental bursa (lesser sac)

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17
Q

When and where does the spleen form?

A
  • week 5
  • between 2 leaves of mesogastrium
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18
Q

What forms the greater omentum?

A

dorsal mesogastrium

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19
Q

The distal duodenum and the pancreas are _____________ retroperitoneal because____________________.

A
  • secondarily
  • their dorsal mesogastrium fuse with parietal peritoneum due to stomach rotation
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20
Q

What does the hepatic diverticulum give rise to?

A

liver, gallbladder, bile ducts

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21
Q

Which bud swings in a clockwise direction during pancreas development?

A

ventral

22
Q

What does the ventral pancreatic bud become?

A

uncinate process and inferior portion of the head of the pancreas

23
Q

What are the components of the main pancreatic duct?

A

distal portion of dorsal bud duct and ventral bud duct

24
Q

What makes up the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

proximal dorsal bud duct

25
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A
  • When the two segments of the ventral bud fail to fuse prior to rotation, they each can wrap around the duodenum and “choke” it.
  • bile-stained vommit can be a symptom
26
Q

What are the midgut derivatives?

A
  • distal 1/2 duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
  • cecum and appendix
  • ascending colon
  • proximal 2/3 transverse colon
27
Q

When does a physiological umbilical herniation occur?

A

weeks 6-10

28
Q

What is a congenital omphalocoele?

A
  • persisting umbilical hernia
  • ass. w/ chromosomal abnormalities
  • high mortality rate
29
Q

What is gastrochisis?

A
  • hernia of sm. intestion and occasionally otherabdominal viscera through anterior abdominal body wall
  • does NOT involve umbilical cord
30
Q

When does the first midgut rotation occur?

A

week 6

31
Q

When does the second midgut rotation occur?

A

week 10

32
Q

True/False

The midgut undergoes a 270 degree clockwise rotation in 1 part.

A

FALSE

counterclockwise, 2 parts

33
Q

At week 6, the midgut rotates ________ degrees ____________ while loop is in ________________.

A

90, counterclockwise, proximal umbilical cord

34
Q

At week 10, the midgut rotates ______ degrees ______________ as intestines __________________.

A

180, counterclockwise, return to normal position in abdomen.

35
Q

True/ False

The ascending and descending colon become primarily retropertoneal.

A

FALSE

secondarily

36
Q

What structures are considered intraperitoneal?

A
  • stomach and proximal duodenum
  • jejunum, ileum
  • transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
37
Q

What is considered the definitive mesentary of intestinal tract?

A
  • transverse mesocolon
  • sigmoid mesocolon
  • mesentary proper
  • mesoappendix
38
Q

What is nonrotation?

A

the caudal limb of midgut returns first and occupies left side of abdominal cavity, resulting in a left-sided colon

39
Q

What results from a reversed rotation of the midgut?

A
  • second rotation is 180 degress clockwise
  • net rotation is 90 degress clockwise
  • midgut and hindgut normal except duodenum is ventral to transverse colon, therefore not retroperitoneal
40
Q

What is a volvulus?

A
  • abnormal rotation may cause intestinal loop twist aroung mesenteric attachment site
  • can result in bowel obstruction leading to stenosis, atresia, ischemia, necrosis
41
Q

When does recanalization of the midgut loop occur?

A
  • plugged during week 6
  • recanalized by end of week 8
42
Q

Failure of midgut lumen to recanalize can cause __________ or _____________.

A

stenosis, atresia

43
Q

What is Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum?

A
  • most comm GI malformation
  • remnant of vitelline duct persists as outpouching of the ileum
44
Q

What are the 3 variations of a persistant vitelline duct?

A
  • fistula
  • cyst
  • ligament
45
Q

What the hindgut derivatives?

A
  • distal 1/3 of transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • superior portion of anal canal
46
Q

What is dervived from the posterior portion of the cloaca after it is partitioned by the urorectal septum?

A
  • rectum
  • superior portion of anal canal
47
Q

A ____________ grows inferiorly toward the cloacal membrane dividing it into ___________ and ___________ membranes and partitioning the cloaca into the ___________ sinus (ventrally) and the __________ canal (dorsally).

A

urorectal septum, urogenital and anal, urogenital, anorectal

48
Q

What can result if the urorectal septum fails to completely separate the hindgut from the urogenital sinus or if the cloaca is too small?

A

hidgut fistula

49
Q

What happens in the hindgut when neural crest cells fail to migrate to form the enteric nervous system?

A

Hirschsprung’s disease (aganglionic megacolon)

severe constipation due to bowel constriction

50
Q
A

Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks)

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