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Large Animal Anatomy > Exam 3 Thoracic Limb Week 8 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Thoracic Limb Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

stratum basale cellls must remain attached to ________ that rests on the dermis (corium)

A

basement membrane

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2
Q

Primary epidermal laminae slide past stationary (non-keratinized) cells of the secondary epidermal laminae how?

A

by breaking and reforming desmosomes between cells of primary laminae and stationary cells of secondary epidermal laminae

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3
Q

what is the white zone

A

junction between sole and wall

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4
Q

what does the white zone include

A

innermost part of stratum medium
distal ends of primary laminae of stratum internum
pigemented horn produced by stratumbasale over terminal papillae located at distal end of laminar dermis (dermal laminae)

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5
Q

stratum basale produces _____ to fill in between the primary epidermal laminae (of the stratum internum)

A

tubular and intertubular horn

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6
Q

what attaches dermis to bone, hoof cartilages, and tendons

A

subcutis (hypodermis)

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7
Q

subcutis is thickened in what two areas

A

coronary cushion and digital cushion

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8
Q

coronary cushion

A

deep to coronary dermis

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9
Q

coronary dermis is highly _____

A

elastic

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10
Q

coronary dermis and cushion fill the _____

A

coronary groove of hoof

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11
Q

coronary cushion contains ____

A

venous plexus

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12
Q

digital cushion

A

subcutis deep to palmar part of hoof capsule

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13
Q

digital cushion is composed of

A

CCT, elastic fibers, and adpiose tissue

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14
Q

bulbs of cushion underly what

A

bulbs of heel

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15
Q

digital cushion contains what

A

modified sweat glands and the fat-rich secretions help keep frog pliable

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16
Q

the duct pass through the ______

A

dermis of the frog

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17
Q

digital cushion assists with

A

shock absorption and venous return

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18
Q

blood supply to the equine hoof is from branches of

A

the medial and lateral digital arteries

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19
Q

the medial and lateral digital arteries supply what

A

all regions of dermis and coronary and digital cushions

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20
Q

do veins parallel the arteries in the foot

A

no

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21
Q

veins form interconnected networks especially in the

A

coronary band (coronary plexus), laminar dermis (dorsal plexus), and palmar aspect of the hoof (palmar plexus)

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22
Q

when the hoof impacts the ground, musch of concussive force dissipated due to

A

hoof flexibility

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23
Q

Load on PIII goes to

A

interdigitating epidermal and dermal laminae then to hoof wall

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24
Q

heels of hoof spread

A

apart

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25
Q

force on navicular bone preses into

A

deep digital flexor m. tendon

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26
Q

frog and digital cushion are

A

compressed

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27
Q

frog presses on ____ to help spread heels

A

bars and sole

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28
Q

pressure on foot compresses

A

venous plexuses and pumps blood from plexuses on both sides of collateral cartilages into medial and lateral palmar digital veins, which have valves

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29
Q

what occurs to the hoof commonly with aging

A

progressive calcification; called “sidebone”; causes lameness

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30
Q

more weight is born on the _____ limbs

A

thoracic (55-66%)

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31
Q

therefore, thoraic limb hoof is a little _____ and more rounded in outline

A

wider

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32
Q

laminitis

A

epidermlaminae separate from dermal laminae, which are attached to the distal phalanx

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33
Q

breakdown of the ______ occurs in laminitis

A

basement membrane and hemidesmosomes of stratum basale associated with basement membrane

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34
Q

tension from the deep digital flexor displaces _______ such that it can peneterate through the sole of the hoof capsule

A

distal phalanx

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35
Q

_____ supports cranial end of body at medial surface of the scapula

A

serratus ventralis m.

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36
Q

force passes what

A

caudal to shoulder
through elbow joint
through (or cranial to) carpus
cranial to fetlock and pastern

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37
Q

without support what happens to shoulder

A

shoulder and elbow would flex

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38
Q

when horses rest while standing, weight is carried by

A

tendons, ligaments, and deep fascia that constitue the passive stay apparatus; thus reducing energy expenditure in the standing horse

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39
Q

tendon of _______ keeps shoulder joint from flexing (supraglenoid tubercle to radial tuberosity)

A

biceps brachii m. (internal)

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40
Q

intermediate tubercle may help do what

A

lock the shoulder joint

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41
Q

force transmited via ________ to the _______ which attachs to the proximal end of metacarpal III

A

lacertus fibrosus; extensor carpi radialis m.

42
Q

in passive stay apparatus, elbow joint is prevented from ____

A

flexing

43
Q

weight of trunk rests on the

A

nearly vertical radius

44
Q

axis of rotation of elbow joint is next to the _____ of the elbow which are eccentrically placed; making the elbow joint a _____ joint

A

collateral ligaments; snap

45
Q

passive tendsion of tendons of

A

digital flexors and carpal flexors

46
Q

what muscles may also help appose flexion of the elbow joint

A

medial head of triceps m. and anconeus

47
Q

flexion of carpus prevented by

A

force from biceps brachii m. transmitted via lacertus fibrosus to the extensor carpi radialis m.

48
Q

overextension at the carpus is prevented by

A

palmar carpal ligament and close packing of the carpal bones

49
Q

suspensory apparatus of the fetlock joint keeps the fetlock from

A

overextension

50
Q

tension in ______ also helps prevent fetlcok overextension

A

accessory check ligaments; distal parts of both flexor tendons

51
Q

overextension is opposed by

A

straight sesamoidean ligament
palmar ligaments of the pastern joint
deep digital flexor tendon

52
Q

flexion is prevented by

A

pull of superficial digital flexor m. tendon (attaching on distal P1 and proximal PIII)

53
Q

Tension of the deep digital flexor m. tendon on PIII tends to flex the

A

coffin jiont

54
Q

what counteracts pull of deep digital flexor m. tendon and allows the hoof to stay level

A

extensor branches of the interosseus m.

55
Q

suprascapular nerve innervates

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

56
Q

suprascapular paralysis

A

aka sweeny or sholder slip; may cause lateral deviation of the shoulder joint; chronic muscle atrophy resulting in proinent spine of scapula

57
Q

radial nerve proximal to the elbow jint innerates

A

triceps brachi m. all heads; tensor fasciae antebrachii m. and anconeus m.

58
Q

deep branch of radial nerve innervates

A

extensor muscles of all joints distal to the shoulder (and ulnaris lateralis)

59
Q

high radial nerve paralysis damage occurs where

A

proximal to innervation of triceps brachii

60
Q

clincial signs of high radial nerve paralysis

A

unable to support weight onthe affeced limb; dropped elbow; hoof rests on its dorsal aspect; can be caused by damage to brachial plexus

61
Q

low radial nerve paralysis damage occurs distal to

A

innervation of triceps brachii m.; may reult during lateral recumbency during surgery or trauma

62
Q

clinical signs of low radial paralysis

A

dorsal surface of hoof may rest on the ground; horse is able to bear weight if hoof is placed in its normal position; horse will likely have difficulty walking on uneven ground, but may compensate on even ground

63
Q

median nerve runs with

A

brachial artery

64
Q

median innervates

A

flexor carpi radialis m. and deep digital flexor m. (with ulnar n.);

65
Q

end branches of median nerve in the horse are

A

medial and lateral palmar nerves

66
Q

median nerve becomes sensory after

A

muscular branches are given off

67
Q

ulnar nerve innervates

A

flexor carpi ulnaris m.
digital flexors
sensory at caudal margin of the limb

68
Q

above carpus, ulnar nerve divides into

A

dorsal and palmar branches

69
Q

ulnar nerve palmar branch combines with

A

fibers with lateral palmar nerve from median nerve

70
Q

distal to carpus, lateral palmar nerve gives off

A

deep branch that innervates inteosseous and gives rise to medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn.

71
Q

medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn. supply

A

interosseus m. and palmar pouch of fetlock joint

72
Q

medial and lateral palmar nerves run medial ad lateral to

A

flexor tendons

73
Q

communicating branch connects

A

meidal and lateral palmar nn.

74
Q

just above the fetlock, the palmar nerves continue as

A

medial and lateral palmar digital nerves;

75
Q

palmar digital nerves give offf

A

1+ dorsal branches to dorsum of digit; pass deep to ligament of the ergot
disappear into the hoof capsule

76
Q

nerves on the dorsal aspect of the distal limb include

A

cutaneous antebrachial nerevs; dorsal branch of ulnar nerves; dorsal branches of digital nerves

77
Q

AZ for musculocutaneous

A

cranial (dorsal) metacarpal bone

78
Q

AZ median

A

from fetlock joint down

79
Q

ulnar nerve AZ

A

from caudal antebrachium to lateral metacarpal

80
Q

radial nerve AZ

A

lateral and cranial antebrachium

81
Q

a horse that is lame will become ______ when the area with lesion is desensitzed

A

temporarily sound

82
Q

intrasynovial injection

A

anesthetize specific synovial structures with injection into the structure

83
Q

perineural nerve block

A

localized anesthetic injected around a specific nerve; start distally and inject sequentially; work proximally to desiensitize larger areas of the limb to rule out specific region s of thelimb

84
Q

palmar digital nerve blocks (medial and lateral_

A

inject 1 cm proximal to collateral cartilage of hoof distal to dorsal branch

85
Q

palmar digital nerve block anesthetizes what area

A

mos of foot inside the hoof except dorsal part of the laminar dermis and coronary band

86
Q

abaxial sesamoidean blocks

A

inject at level of proximal sesamoid bones; block medial and lateral palmar nerves proximal to dorsal branches;
all structures blocked by digital nerve block plus rest of structures of the foot and pastern joint

87
Q

low 4 point block

A

inject at level of distal end of splint bones (buttons); block medial and lateral palmar nerves; block medial and lateral metacarpal nerves;
all previous structures blocked PLUS fetlock joint sesamoid bones, distal supsensory ligament, distal flexor tendons and pastern jiont

88
Q

high 4 point nerve block

A

medial and lateral palmar nerves; medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves in the proximal metacarpus;
all structures blocked by previous block plus interosseous m. flexor tendons

89
Q

modifiied high for point nerve block (also called lateral palmar nerve block)

A

block the lateral palmar nerve before it branches off the deep branch; block lateral palmar nerve as it runs medial to accessory carpal bone; +/- medial palmar nerve; blocks structures o metacarpuus, especially the origin of the interosseous

90
Q

dorsal aspect of distal nerve supply of ruminants

A

superficial branch of radial nerve and dorsal branch of ulnar nerve

91
Q

dorsal branch of ulnar nerve goes to

A

dorsal common digital abaxial digital;

92
Q

palmar apsect of distal nerve supply of the ruminant

A

median n. ; palmar branch of ulnar n. plalmar common digital nerves and palmar axial and abaxial digital nerves

93
Q

intravenous local anesthesia tourniquet applied to

A

distal to carpus

94
Q

anesthetic injected via

A

Intravenously into superficial veins

95
Q

nerve blocks of ruminants

A

middle of metacarpus; block ranial n. ulnar ne. an dorsal polimb

96
Q

BLOOD VESSES

A

d

97
Q

____ HOOF BEARS MORE WEIGHT IN THE THORACIC LIMB

A

LATERAL

98
Q

ground surfacce of ruminant hoof consists of

A

wall, sole, and part of bulb

99
Q

dermal regions include

A

perioplic, coronary, laminar (with termina lpapillae) sole, bulb

100
Q

what is the main weight bearing part of the ruminant hoof

A

bulb

101
Q

angle at toe

A

50

102
Q

does ruminant hoof have secondary laminae

A

no

Large Animal Anatomy (14 decks)

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