Subcortical structures

Question 1

subcortical

Answer 1

-directly inferior to the cortex itself

Question 2

thalamus (thalamic nuclei)

Answer 2

• primary sensory relay stations
• lateral to either side of 3rd ventricle
• deep to parietal lobe

Question 3

what does the thalamus modulate?

Answer 3

• sensory input, sensation, sensory feedback, sensory interpretation
• integrates with attention and memory systems

Question 4

basal ganglia

Answer 4

• motor editing stations

- interior to temporal/frontal structures

Question 5

what does the BG modulate?

Answer 5

-motor planning, motor editing, motor refinement, speed and direction
aka: extrapyramidal systen
integrates with pyramidal system

Question 6

thalamus receives input from…

Answer 6

• the cortex: already associated info to be relayed back to other parts of the cortex
• limbic system
• feedback about the nature of motor movement from the cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 7

anterior nuclear thalamus

Answer 7

-limbic inputs –> hypothalamus or prefrontal cortex

Question 8

lateral dorsal thalamus

Answer 8

limbic inputs –> prefrontal cortex

Question 9

ventroposterolateral thalamus

Answer 9

• somatosensroy inputs from sensory organs –> primary sensory cortex
• do not want auditory or visual input, only tactile

Question 10

ventral lateral thalamus

Answer 10

-motor inputs from BG, cerebellum –> pre and primary motor cortices

Question 11

medial geniculate thalamus

Answer 11

-auditory inputs –> Heschls gyrus

Question 12

lateral geniculate thalamus

Answer 12

-visual inputs –> primary visual cortex

Question 13

what structures are sending input to the thalamus?

Answer 13

-spinal nerves (tactile info from the PNS)

Question 14

BG highly complex motor feedback circuit

Answer 14

• modifies motor plans sent from primary motor strip
• sends those modifications back to the primary motor cortex via the thalamus
• provides the primary motor cortex with regulated, refined movements

Question 15

3 main structures of the BG

Answer 15

• caudate nucleus
• putmen
• globus pallidus

Question 16

caudate nucleus

Answer 16

-c-shaped structures

Question 17

putamen

Answer 17

-motor inputs and inhibit outputs

Question 18

globus pallidus

Answer 18

motor outputs and inhibit thalamus

Question 19

2 ancillary structures of the BG

Answer 19

• substantia nigra (parkinson’s disease)

- subthalamic nucleus (huntington’s chorea)

Question 20

the BG specifically..

Answer 20

• facilitates wanted movements
• inhibits unwanted movements
• adjust automatic movements

Question 21

hyperkinetic BG

Answer 21

-too many unwanted movements - Huntington’s chorea

Question 22

hypokinetic BG

Answer 22

lack of wanted movements

-parkinsons

Question 23

BG motor circuit

Answer 23

primary motor circuit –> to BG caudate and nucleus and putamen –> substantia nigra–> back to the caudate nucleus and putamen –> to other BG areas, globes pallidus –> sub thalamic nucleus –> back to the GP –> to the thalamus –> back to the primary motor cortex