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Biology A level > 3.5 Population size and ecosystems > Flashcards

3.5 Population size and ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What does population mean?

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a fugitive species?

A

poor at competition
Rely on captivity for reproduction
invade new environments rapidly
live in extreme environments

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of an equilibrium species?

A

Control population within a stable habitat
grow in a sigmoid curve pattern

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4
Q

What are the stage of the sigmoid curve?

A

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

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5
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

Biological factors

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6
Q

What does abiotic factors mean?

A

Non biological fctors

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7
Q

What are some examples of biotic factors?

A

Predication, Parasites and disease, Cross species competition

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8
Q

What are some examples of abiotic factors?

A

Light
temperature
humidity
soil composition
oxygen availability

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9
Q

What does density dependent mean?

A

Targets one species

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10
Q

What does density independent mean?

A

Affects all organisms regardless of species

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11
Q

What does environmental resistance mean?

A

Factors that slow population growth

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12
Q

What does carrying capacity mean?

A

The max number around which a population fluctuates in a given environment

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13
Q

What does biogeography mean?

A

the study of an abundance of species

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14
Q

What does abundance mean?

A

the number of individuals in a species in a given area or volume

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15
Q

What are the steps in the mark and recapture method? (4)

A
  1. capture a group of a species in a given area
  2. mark the organisms ethically
  3. release them
  4. capture a second group after a given time
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16
Q

What conditions are required for the capture recapture method?

A

Sufficient time between capture
habitat undisturbed
marking must be uninhibition

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17
Q

What does ecosystem mean?

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

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18
Q

What does community mean?

A

An interacting group of various species in a common location

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19
Q

What is a pyramid of numbers?

A

A graph of the number of organisms at each trophic level

20
Q

What is a pyramid of biomass

A

The biomass at each trophic level

21
Q

What does productivity mean?

A

The rate of biomass production

22
Q

How is energy lost through trophic levels?

A

Respiration
Egestion through faeces
Locked in undigested material (bones, fur ect.)

23
Q

What is the formula for the photosynthetic efficiency?

A

E= Quantity of light incorporated / quantity of light available X 100

24
Q

What is primary productivity?

A

The rate at which a consumer converts energy to biomass

25
Q

What is secondary productivity?

A

The rate at which consumers accumulate energy from assimilated food in biomass in their cells and tissues

26
Q

What is GPP?

A

Gross primary productivity
the energy not used in respiration

27
Q

What are the limits of the pyramid of biomass?

A

No account for age
hard to measure dry mass
No energy flow indicated
Not all biomass transfers across trophic levels

28
Q

What is a Sere?

A

The sequence of communities that from in primary or secondary succession after a habitat is created

29
Q

What is a disclimax?

A

Stable community replacing a climax community

30
Q

What do plants compete for?

A

Light, space, nutrients, soil, water

31
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Food, territory, water, mates

32
Q

What are intraspecific conditions?

A

density dependent and between the same species

33
Q

What are interspecific conditions?

A

Different species
all integrations between biotic and abiotic conditions

34
Q

What is a Niche?

A

The role of a species within an ecosystem, specific to each species

35
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Where 1 organism benefits and the other is not harmed

36
Q

Symbiosis definition?

A

Long term interactions of 2 species

37
Q

facilitation defintion

A

interactions that benefit at least 1 species

38
Q

How is carbon fixed into organisms?

A

During photosynthesis

39
Q

How is carbon released into the atmosphere?

A

Respiration
Combustion

40
Q

How is carbon transferred?

A

decomposition
assimilation
sedementation

41
Q

What 3 factors are impacting the carbon cycles balance?

A

deforestation
large scale combustion of fossil fuels
decomposition

42
Q

How is nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Like Rhizobium) convert N2 gas to ammonia in plants

43
Q

How is nitrogen transferred into the soil?

A

Saprobotic bacteria decomposes plants releasing ammonium ions

44
Q

What occurs in nitrification?

A

Nitrosomas convert ammonia to nitriles
Nitrobacter convert nitriles to nitrates

45
Q

How is nitrogen released back into the atmosphere?

A

Under anaerobic conditions denitrifying bacteria converts nitrate to nitrogen gas

Biology A level (15 decks)

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