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Biology A level > 4.1 Sexual Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

4.1 Sexual Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

1
Q

Where is FSH produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Anterior pituitary
Stimulate maturing of follicle
Stimulates Oestrogen

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2
Q

Where is LH produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Anterior pituitary
Stimulates ovulation
Develops Corpus luteum
Stimulates progesterone

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3
Q

Where is progesterone produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Corpus luteum and placenta
Maintains uterine lining
Inhibits LH and FSH

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4
Q

Where is Oestrogen produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Ovary and placenta
Rebuild endometrium
Stimulate LH
Inhibit FSH
Inhibit prolactin and oxytocin

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5
Q

Where is Oxytocin produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
Contraction of uterine muscles
Contraction of smooth muscles in milk ducts

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6
Q

Where is prolactin produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Anterior pituitary
Milk synthesis

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7
Q

Where is hCG produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Blastocyst, placenta
Maintains corpus luteum

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8
Q

Where is testosterone produced and what’s it’s role?

A

Leydig cells
Sperm development

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9
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

A

Connects the ovaries and the uterus allowing the ovum to travel during ovulation

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10
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

provide protection to the testies

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11
Q

What is the role of the epididimus?

A

Storage of sperm

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12
Q

What is the role of the vas deferns?

A

Duct connecting epididymis and ejaculatory duct

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13
Q

What is the role of the testis?

A

Gland producing spermatozoa and hormones

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14
Q

What is the role of seminal vesicles?

A

Provide and energy source for sperm
produce alkaline secretions to neutralise acidic vagina

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15
Q

What is the role of the prostate galnd?

A

Additional fluid for ejaculation

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16
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

To produce, maintain, transport and nourish sperm and seamen

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17
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

Produce ova and hormones
Pass sperm to the egg
provide an implantation site for the development of a foetus

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18
Q

What is the role of the endometrium?

A

the lining of the uterus to prepare for implantation

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19
Q

What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?

A

The site of sperm production

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20
Q

Describe the steps of spermatogenesis

A

Diploid germinal epithelium(2n) divides by mitosis
–>spermatogonia(2n) then divides by mitosis
—> primary spermatocytes(2n) that divide by meiosis
–> secondary spermatocytes(n) in first division then spermatids(n) in the second
—> mature to form spermatozoa(n)

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21
Q

What are the adaptations of sperm for survival?

A

Axial filaments in the tail (tubules allow whipping propelling forward)
many mitochondria
condensed haploid chromatin
nucleus in had
acrosome containing protease(digestive enzyme)

22
Q

Describe the process of Oogenesis

A

Before birth: germinal epithelium splits by mitosis making oogonia that grow to form primary oocytes
Primary oocytes divide by meiosis but stop at Prophase 1
Germinal epithelium cells divide to form primary follicles that surround the 1oocytes
During ovulation: 1 completes meiosis
–> 2* follicle containing 2* oocyte and a small polar body
–> matures to Graafian follicle
–> migrates to ovary surface and bursts to release oocyte
—> meiosis 2 begins but stops at metaphase 2 until; fertilisation

23
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle after ovulation?

A

forms the corpus luteum

24
Q

What challenges does the sperm face?

A

pH of vagina
Muscle contractions
cervix
2 fallopian tubes and 1 egg
rejection by egg

25
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa

26
Q

What does the capacitation reaction do?

A

Increases the permeability of the acrosome membrane

27
Q

What are the steps of the acrosome reaction?

A

Protease is released and digests the corona radiata
Upon contact with zona pellucida acrosome membrane ruptures
Hydrolase is released and digests the Zona pellucida
Membrane of sperm and 2*Oocyte fuse + genetic material of sperm enters

28
Q

What are the steps of the Cortical reaction?

A

Cortical granules fuse with cell membrane and alter the zona pellucida to form a fertilisation membrane
Meiosis II completes creating a 2* polar body
2 nuclei fuse and zygotic nucleus is formed

29
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A ball of cells formed 5-6 days after fertilization that implants into the endometrial lining

30
Q

What is cleavage?

A

The mitotic division of a zygote to from a blastocyst

31
Q

Where is HCG secreted from after fertilisation?

A

The blastocyst

32
Q

What is the function of HCG

A

Inhibit FSH and LH
Maintain endometrium
Supress uterine contraction
(Prevents menstruation and formation of a new follicle)

33
Q

What hormones are secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?

A

HCG
progesterone
Oestrogen

34
Q

What does oestrogen promote during pregancy?

A

Development of mammary glandes
growth of uterus

35
Q

What is the function of the chorionic Villi?

A

larger surface area for diffusion and blood flow
prevents maternal white blood cells entering the foetus’ blood

36
Q

What is the function of the intervillous spaces?

A

Contain maternal blood and bathe villi
Prevents high maternal BP from entering the foetus

37
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord arteries?

A

Deoxygenated blood and waste materials to chorionic villi for gas exchange and excretion

38
Q

What is the function of the umbilical veins?

A

Carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to the foetus

39
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

Shock absorber
lung development
finger lubricant
temperature stabiliser

40
Q

What hormones decrease to prepare for birth? Why?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen
They inhibit oxytocin and prolactin

41
Q

What causes uterine contractions?

A

Secretion of oxytocin in a positive feedback loop

42
Q

What secretes oxytocin?

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

43
Q

Where is prolactin secreted from?

A

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

44
Q

What does prolactin stimulate?

A

Production of milk in mammary glands

45
Q

What are the main developments in the 1st trimester?

A

Major organs

46
Q

What weeks are the first trimester?

A

0-12

47
Q

What main developments occur in the 2nd trimester?

A

Organ development

48
Q

What weeks are in the 2nd trimester?

A

13-28

49
Q

What main developments occur in the 3rd trimester?

A

Growth

50
Q

What is the Amnion?

A

A membrane derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst
it has contact with the embryo until amniotic fluid develops
It then is pushed to chorion (inner layer of placenta)

Biology A level (15 decks)

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