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Biology > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

To study for exams

1
Q

Describe the cycle of scientific enterprise

A

Start with a theory. Good theories enable new predictions. So then we form a hypothesis. Then we do experiments. Then we get new facts. If the new facts are consistent with the theory, then we take the new facts and add it to the theory.

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2
Q

Explain the difference between truth and fact

A

Truth is not in science because it never changes and it has to be revealed. God is truth. Fact is based upon new data and is always changing. Science is fact.

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3
Q

Define science

A

Science is the use of observation, experimentation, and logical thinking to develop mental models of the natural world. These models are called theories

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4
Q

What are the two main qualities that a good theory must possess.

A
  1. Explain most of the facts

2. Enable a new hypothesis to be formed

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5
Q

When an experiment does not confirm the hypothesis, are the results still valuable?

A

Yes, because you can use the new facts to alter the theory, then start the cycle over again

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6
Q

What are the ten levels or organization of biological hierarchy according to your text?

A

1.Biosphere 2.Ecosystem 3.Community 4.Population 5.Organism 6.Organs and organ system 7,Tissue 8.Cells 9.Organelles 10.Molecules

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7
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A

1.Order 2.Evolutionary Adaption 3.Regulation 4.Energy Processing 5.Reproduction 6.Growth and Development 7.Response to the environment

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8
Q

In Darwin’s book The Origin of Species what were the two main points?

A
  1. Species showed evidence of decent through modification of common ancestors
  2. Natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification.
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9
Q

Aristotle

A

first arranged life forms on a ladder of increasing complexity (scala natural)

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10
Q

Linnaeus

A

founded taxonomy and developed the binomial format for naming species

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11
Q

Cuvier

A

developed a large part of paleontology and advocated catastrophism

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12
Q

Hutton

A

proposed that the earth’s changes were do to gradual mechanisms

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13
Q

Lyell

A

made uniformitarianism

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14
Q

Lamark

A

proposed that species evolved through use and disuse and inheritance of aquired characteristics.

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15
Q

Wallace

A

discovered Natural selection also, but decided to let Darwin take the credit

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16
Q

Darwin

A

came up with natural selection and got the credit for it

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17
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Certian species have certain traits and the ones that have traits more fit to the environment reproduce more and outlive the others who are unfit

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18
Q

Catastrophism

A

events in the past occured suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present

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19
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms

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20
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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21
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

mechanisms of change are constant over time

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22
Q

Explain how the rapid evolution of drug-resistance in bacteria is an example of natural selection

A

The part of the bacteria that is resistant to the drug does not die. That part keeps growing and reproducing and the other parts keep dying until the entire bacteria is resistant to that particular drug

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23
Q

What are the four properties of water?

A

1.Cohesive Behavior (it sticks to itself, like water in a pouring glass 2.Ability to Moderate temperature (why the ocean doesn’t dry up or why a pool doesnt get hot in the summer) 3. Expantion upon freezing (why ice floats) 4. Versatility as a solvent (why it can clean up messes)

24
Q

How does morphine relieve pain?

A

It acts as other molecules in the body

25
Q

What are the structure and function of Carbohydrates?

A

Polymers of Sugar.

26
Q

Where do plants store there suger?

A

as starch in placids

27
Q

Where do animals store there sugar?

A

as glycogen in our liver and muscle cells

28
Q

What is Chitin?

A

A structural polysacharide, makes up the exosckeleton of certain insects. What fungi cell walls are made of

29
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysacharide, a major part of plant cell walls

30
Q

What is the structure and function of fat?

A

stores energy, cushions vital organs, insulation, glycerol+3 fatty acids

31
Q

What is saturated fat?

A

there is no bond in any of the molecules and is solid at room temperature

32
Q

What is unsaturated fat?

A

Has double bonds, and is liquid at room temperature

33
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

What makes up cell membranes, 2 fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate,

34
Q

What are steroids?

A

hormones+cholesterol, made in the liver, in your cell membranes, have 4 fused rings with functional groups coming off

35
Q

What is the first level of protien structure?

A

Primary structure, just a sequence of amino acids

36
Q

What is the second level of protien structure?

A

Secondary structure, where the protein starts to fold or coil, caused by a hydrogen bond

37
Q

What is the third level of protein structure?

A

Tertiary structure, where the R groups start interacting and create fold

38
Q

What is the forth level of protein structure?

A

Quaternary Structure, more than one polypeptide

39
Q

Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, have no DNA, and consist of archaea and bacteria

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and are made of eukaria

40
Q

Describe the three types of intercellular junctions/

A

Gap Junctions- channels where cells communicate information to each other

Tight Junctions- where plazma membranes are tightly pressed together, water tight, prevent leakage from one cell to the other

Desmosomes- like bolts, held very tightly together, and are found in cells that endure stress i.e. muscle cells

41
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

only found in animal cells, connects cells, made of glycoproteins, connected to the cell by fibronection

42
Q

What is passive transport

A

Requires no energy because it uses diffusion

43
Q

diffusion

A

moving spreading things out and around from high to low concentration until equilibriun

44
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

45
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

is diffusion that is helped along by a channel protein

46
Q

What is the purpose of active transport in the cell membrane? how does ATP power this process?

A

Requires energy (ATP) and is the opposite of diffusion because it goes from low to high and requires a carrier protein

47
Q

What is a Na+/K+ pump

A

when inside the cell has low Na and high K and the pump pushes Na out

48
Q

exocytosis

A

when the vesicles merge with one cell membrane and whatever was inside it leaves

49
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating, psudopods make a vesicle around the food, goes to the lysosomes

50
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking, folds in on itself

51
Q

receptor-mediated endosytosis

A

cllular drinking of only certain things

52
Q

hypertonic

A

water only going out

53
Q

isotonic

A

water going in and out equally

54
Q

hypotonic

A

water only going into the cell

55
Q

Why do we eat?

A

to get glucose and to get energy

56
Q

why do we breathe?

A

for CO2

Biology (19 decks)

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