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Comps > Research > Flashcards

Research Flashcards

0
Q

Descriptive research

A

Observe and describe behavior without manipulating or controlling the situation, observations lead to hypotheses that can be tested at a later date

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1
Q

Correlational research

A

Examines the relationship between two or more behaviors or treats, determine if two behaviors vary in someway, does not show cause and effect

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2
Q

Experimental research

A

Establish if the independent variable causes the effect on the dependent variable

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3
Q

Quasi experimental research

A

When a research design does not meet other experimental requirements, most communicative disorders are quasi-experimental

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4
Q

Between subject research design

A

Performances of separate groups of participants are measured and compared between the groups, different groups are exposed to different treatments or levels of the independent variable e.g. Cross-sectional

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5
Q

Within subject research design

A

Performance of the same participants is compared and different conditions, everyone exposed to multiple conditions e.g. longitudinal

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6
Q

Mixed research design

A

Between groups and within subjects, one independent variable compares between subjects and the other independent variable compares within subjects

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7
Q

Single subject design

A

Participants evaluated as individuals rather than members of a larger group, criterion-referenced, AB design, ABA design, ABAB design

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8
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Avoids disadvantages of treatment withdrawal, to prove cause-and-effect baselines must be independent of each other

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9
Q

Single factor studies

A

One independent variable

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10
Q

Multi factor studies

A

Many independent variables can be interaction effects

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11
Q

Cross sectional

A

Groups of people at some moment in time i.e. different age groups

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12
Q

Longitudinal

A

Measures the same group of people every five years to eliminate different histories

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13
Q

Internal validity

A

An experiment has internal validity if there is no other reason for the measured change in performance other than the change in the independent variable

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14
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which the results of the study can be generalized to other people, settings, measures, etc., study may be internally valid but results may not extend outside the parameters of the study

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15
Q

Threats to internal validity

A

History, maturation, reactive pretest, instrumentation, statistical regression, differential subject selection, mortality

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16
Q

Threats to external validity

A

Subject selection, interactive pretest, reactive arrangements, multiple treatment interference

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17
Q

History internal threat

A

Some external event happens that researcher was not aware of and could not have controlled for i.e. winning the lottery, 9/11

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18
Q

Maturation internal threat

A

Internal event that happens in the subjects themselves i.e. cognitive development, motor abilities

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19
Q

Reactive pretest internal threat

A

Taking a pretest can influence performance on post test, they learn the test

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20
Q

Instrumentation internal threat

A

Instruments need to be calibrated, but test ever is part of instrumentation as well and can influence the results

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21
Q

Statistical regression internal threat

A

Students to perform at extremes are likely to regress to the mean upon retest

22
Q

Differential subject selection internal threat

A

If subjects are different before the experiment and after, can’t assume the differences are due to the treatment

23
Q

Mortality internal threat

A

When you have more dropouts from one group than another

24
Q

Subject selection external threat

A

Make sure subjects are an appropriate sample of the population you want to generalize

25
Q

Interactive pretest external threat

A

Subjects will be affected by the pretest and some will not i.e. weighing someone for the pretest might make them aware of their weight and motivate them to diet

26
Q

Reactive arrangements external threat

A

Subject may be reacting to their environment i.e. people know they’re being watched

27
Q

Multiple treatment interference external threat

A

If treatments are combined, there could be an interaction between the treatments

28
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated by researcher, goes on X axis, values are chosen by researcher, minimum of two level/values, no maximum

29
Q

Nominal measurement

A

Using numbers instead of names i.e. sports players jersey number

30
Q

Ordinal measurement

A

Numbers have an order or rank, we don’t know the distance between them i.e. first second third place

31
Q

Interval measurement

A

Equal units i.e. temperature, no absolute zero, can have negative numbers

32
Q

Ratio measurement

A

Intervals between numbers are the same and there is an absolute zero i.e. height, weight, age, no negative numbers

33
Q

Dependent variable

A

Affected by the manipulation of the independent variable, outcome measure, goes on Y axis

34
Q

Simple random sampling

A

Equal chance of being selected

35
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Accidental sampling, selects participants from individuals who are available because of close geographical proximity or other reasons of convenience

36
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Divides the target population into a number of non-overlapping subpopulations, such as geographical regions, then draws a random sample from each subpopulation

37
Q

Participant selection criteria

A

Should develop a set of criteria for admission/exclusion in a research study

38
Q

Systematic review

A

Qualitative way of looking at studies, analyzing threats

39
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Combining data mathematically and quantifying results

40
Q

Statistically significant

A

Not likely to have occurred by chance

41
Q

Treatment efficacy

A

Works under ideal conditions

42
Q

Treatment effectiveness

A

Will it work in the real world environment

43
Q

PICO

A

Population, intervention, comparison treatment, outcome measurement

44
Q

Test-retest Reliability

A

Tests reliability over time
Same test is administered multiple times to the same group and scores are compared
Scores should be stable

45
Q

Split-half reliability

A

Scores from one half of the test correlate with results from the other half of the test
Often done by splitting the test into odd and even questions

46
Q

Alternate form reliability

A

Or parallel form reliability

Scores on test A and test B correlate

47
Q

Face validity

A

The test looks like it assess the skill it claims to assess

Not a valuable measure because it does not look at content or outcomes

48
Q

Content validity

A

Test’s contents represent the content domain being assessed

Similar to face validity but judges the actual content of the test and not the appearance

49
Q

Construct validity

A

A test measures a predetermined theoretical construct

50
Q

Criterion validity

A

Established by use of external criterion, two types: concurrent and predictive

51
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Test’s validity in comparison to a widely accepted test

52
Q

Predictive validity

A

Test’s ability to predict performance in another situation or at a later time

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