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Chemistry > C1 (1) > Flashcards

C1 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What charge is given when an atom loses an electron in bonding?

A

Positive

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2
Q

What charge is given when an atom gains an electron in bonding?

A

Negative

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3
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom

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4
Q

What are four additives that are added to foods and why?

A

Colouring = enhance appearance
Flavour enhancers = improve taste and smell
Anti?oxidants = preserve food
Emulsifiers = help oil and water to mix

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5
Q

What does an emulsifier have? (structure)

A 
Hydrophobic tail (hates water, likes oil)
Hydrophilic head (hates oil, likes water)
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6
Q

What happens when you shake oil and water together with an emulsifier?

A

Oil forms droplets surrounded by emulsifier with hydrophilic tail facing out. Other oil droplets are repelled but water attaches.

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7
Q

What are four reasons foods are cooked?

A

Better taste and texture
Easier to digest Eg. Potatoes
High temps kill microbes
Destroy poisons

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8
Q

What happens to eggs and meat when cooked?

A

Denature (change shape) because the energy breaks some of chemical bonds and the molecules take on a different shape

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9
Q

What happens when you heat baking powder?

A

Undergoes thermal decomposition

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10
Q

What is thermal decompoisiton?

A

When a substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated

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11
Q

What is the equation for baking powders thermical decomposition? (Sodium hydrogencarbonate)

A

Sodium hydrogencarbonate = sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water

2NaHCO(3) = Na(2) CO(3) + CO(2) + H(2)0

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12
Q

Why is baking powder used in baking?

A

CO(2) is released which makes cakes rise

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13
Q

What is esterification?

A

Heating a carboxylic acid with alcohol

An acid catalyst is usually used too

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14
Q

What is the esterification equation?

A

Acid + Alcohol = Ester + Water

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15
Q

What five properties to perfumes need and why?

A

Easily evaporates = to smell it
Non?toxic = won’t poison you
Unreactive with water = would react with sweat
Doesn’t irritate skin = could risk burning skin
Insoluble in water = so it doesn’t wash off

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16
Q

What are reasons for animal testing?

A

To check it won’t damage humans

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17
Q

What are reasons against animal testing?

A

Wrong to cause harm

Results might not be conclusive

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18
Q

Describe the following points in a solid
? Forces between particles
? Particle movement/shape
? Effect of heat

A

?Strong forces of attraction
?Don’t move (definite shape and volume)
? Vibrate more

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19
Q

Describe the following points in a liquid
? Forces between particles
? Particle movement/shape
? Effect of heat

A

?Some forces of attraction = free to move passed each other
?Don’t keep definite shape but keep same volume
? Move faster = liquid to expand

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20
Q

Describe the following points in a gas
? Forces between particles
? Particle movement/shape
? Effect of heat

A

?No force of attraction = free to move
?Don’t keep definite shape nor volume. Always fill any container
?Either expand or pressure increase

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21
Q

What is volatility?

A

How easy a liquid evaporates

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22
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When fast moving particles at surface overcome forces of attraction and escape

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23
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mix of a solute and solvent

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24
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance being dissolved

25
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid it’s dissolving in to

26
Q

What is soluble?

A

It will dissolve

27
Q

What is insoluble?

A

It will NOT dissolve

28
Q

What is solubility?

A

A measure of how much will dissolve

29
Q

Why doesn’t nail varnish dissolve in water?

A

The attraction to themselves is stronger than the attraction between each other

30
Q

Why does nail varnish dissolve in nail varnish remover?

A

The attraction between acetone molecules and nail varnish molecules is stronger than the attractions holding both substances together

31
Q

What three things are in paint?

A

Pigment
Binding medium
Solvent

32
Q

What is a pigment?

A

Gives paint its colour

33
Q

What is a binding medium?

A

Holds the paint together

34
Q

What is the purpose of a solvent in paint?

A

Thins the paint (easier to spread)

35
Q

What is a colloid?

A

Really small particles are dispersed in another substance but do not dissolve

36
Q

Why don’t colloids seperate out?

A

The particles are too small

37
Q

How do water based paints dry?

A

The solvent (water) evaporates leaving binder (acrylic or vinyl acetate polymer) and pigment as a thin solid film

38
Q

What are the advantanges of water based paints?

A

Fast drying and don’t release harmful fumes

39
Q

How do oil based paints dry?

A

Solvent (organic compound) evaporates and the oil (binder) is oxidised before turns solid

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of oil paints?

A

Glossy, water proof and hard wearing

Produce harmful fumes

41
Q

What is a thermochromic pigment?

A

Change colour or become transparent when heated or cooled

42
Q

What are examples of when thermochromic pigments are used?

A

Electric kettles
Baby products (bath toys, spoons, bottles)
Drink mugs

43
Q

How do phosphorescent pigments glow in the dark?

A

Absorb natural or artificial light and store the energy in their molecules. This energy is then released as light over a period of time

44
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chain molecules

45
Q

When are polymers formed?

A

When lots of monomers join together = polymerisation

46
Q

Do alkenes or alkanes make addition polymers?

A

Alkenes because they have at least one double covalent bond so they can open them up to join together to form polymer chains

47
Q

Describe the properties of a thermosoftening plastic

A

Held together by weak intermolecular forces
?Low melting points
?Soft and mouldable (chains can slide over ech other)

48
Q

Describe the properties of a thermosetting plastic

A

Held together by crosslinking bonds and strong intermolecular forces
?High melting points
?Rigid and can’t be stretched

49
Q

Compare GoreTex and Nylon

A

They are both waterproof

However GoreTex is ‘breathable’ = allows water vapour to pass through

50
Q

How is GoreTex made?

A

Laminating a thin film of expanded PTFE onto nulon of polyester. PTFE = sturdier

51
Q

How is GoreTex breathable AND waterproof?

A

?PTFE = tiny holes = let water vapour through but too small for rain to pass through
?PTFE repels water

52
Q

What are the two disposal options for non?biodegradable plastics? What are their disadvantages?

A 
Landfill = long time to decompose, wastes land and plastic
Incineration = releases toxic gases
53
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY

54
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated compounds?

A

Saturated because they contain ONLY single bonds between carbon atoms.

Single C?C bonds

55
Q

Why can alkanes not form polymers?

A

No double bonds to open up to allow molecules to join

56
Q

What bonds hold atoms in hydrocarbons together?

A

Covalent (share electrons) because this way both atoms get a full outer shell

57
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated compounds?

A

Unsaturaed because they contains one or more double covalent bonds in between atoms

C=C

58
Q

How can you test if a hydrocarbon is an alkane or alkene?

A

Add bromine water to substance
If the liquid decolories = alkene (bromine added to double bond)
Stays orange = alkane

Chemistry (8 decks)

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