C2 (2)

Question 1

If metal oxides and metal hydroxides disolve in water, what are these compounds?

Answer 1

Alkalis

Question 2

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide/metal hydroxide?

Answer 2

Acid + Metal oxide = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal hydroxide = Salt + Water

Question 3

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and copper oxide?

Answer 3

Hydrochloric acid + copper oxide = copper chloride + water

2HCl + CuO = CuCl(2) + H(2)O

Question 4

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide?

Answer 4

Sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide = Potassium sulphate + Water

H(2)SO(4) + 2KOH = K(2)SO(4) + 2H(2)O

Question 5

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate?

Answer 5

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Question 6

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium carbonate?

Answer 6

Phosphoric acid + Sodium carbonate = Sodium phosphate + Water + Carbon dioxide
2H(3)PO(4) + 3Na(2)CO(3) = 2Na(3)PO(4) + 3H(2)O + 3CO2

Question 7

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate?

Answer 7

Hydrochloric acid + Sodium carbonate = Sodium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide
2HCl(2) + Na(2)CO(3) = 2NaCl + H(2)O + CO(2)

Question 8

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and ammonia?

Answer 8

Acid + Ammonia = Ammonium salt

Question 9

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and ammonia?

Answer 9

Hydrochloric acid + ammonia = ammonium chloride

HCl + NH(3) = NH(4)Cl

Question 10

What is the word and symbol equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and ammonia?

Answer 10

Sulfuric acid + Ammonia = Ammonium sulfate

H(2)SO(4) + NH(3) =(NH,4)2 SO(4)

Question 11

What are the three main elements in fertilisers?

Answer 11

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

Question 12

What happens if plants don’t get enough of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium?

Answer 12

Their growth and life processes are affected

Question 13

Why might plants not recieve enough of the essential elements?

Answer 13

They’ve been used up from the soil by a previous crop

Question 14

What do fertilisers do?

Answer 14

Replace the missing elements in the soil or provide more of them

Question 15

Why are fertilisers used?

Answer 15

To increase the crop yield as the crops can grow faster and bigger

Question 16

Describe the four steps of eutrophication

Answer 16

1. Fertiliser runs off into rivers and steams
2. The level of nitrates and phosphates in the water increases
3. Algae multiply rapidy from the nutrients = algal bloom = blocks off light to plants = die
4. Aerobic bacteria feed on dead plants and multiply = use up all oxygen = everything dies

Question 17

Describe the titration method to make ammonia nitrate?

Answer 17

1. Burette, nitric acid solution, ammonia solution and indicator
2. Add methyl orange indicator to ammonia = yellow
3. Slowly add nitric acid to ammonia from burette until it changes to red = neutralised

Question 18

How do you get solid ammonium nitrate crystals after titration?

Answer 18

Gently evaporate the solution and leave it to crystalise

Question 19

Why aren’t the crystals made in titration pure? How are they made pure?

Answer 19

They contain methyl orange.
Need to note exactly the amount of nitric acid it took to neutralise the amonia and then repeat the method without the indicator

Question 20

What is the yield of a reaction?

Answer 20

The mass of product that you end up with

Question 21

What does 100% yield mean?

Answer 21

You got all the product you expected to get

Question 22

What does 0% yield mean?

Answer 22

No reactants were converted into product

Question 23

What is the equation for the haber process?

Answer 23

N(2) + 3H(2) = 2NH(3)

REVERSIBLE!

Question 24

In the haber process why isn’t all the nitrogen and hydrogen converted to ammonia?

Answer 24

Because the reaction is reversible

Question 25

What happens to the nitrogen and hydrogen that do not react? Why does this happen?

Answer 25

They are recycled and passed through again so none is wasted

Question 26

What conditions are used for the haber process?

Answer 26

Temperature = 450 C
Pressure = 200 atmospheres
Catalyst = Iron

Question 27

Why are high pressures used in the haber process?

Answer 27

They favour the forward reaction.

The high pressure increases the percentage yield of ammonia.

Question 28

Why are high temperatures used in the haber process?

Answer 28

They favour the reverse reaction

The high temperature decreases the percentage yield of ammonia

Question 29

Why isn’t a lower temperature used in the haber process?

Answer 29

Lower temperatures mean slower reaction rates so a higher temperature is used to increase the reaction rate

Question 30

Why is 450C an optimum temperature?

Answer 30

Gives a fast reaction rate and a reasonable percentage yield

Question 31

What 5 things does production cost depend on?

Answer 31

1. Price of energy
2. Cost of raw materials
3. Labour costs (wages)
4. Plant costs (equipment)
5. Rate of production

Question 32

What are optimum conditions?

Answer 32

Conditions that give the lowest production cost

Question 33

How is salt retrieved from underground deposits?

Answer 33

Drilled, blasted and dug out and brought to the surface using machinery

Question 34

What is rock salt a mixture of?

Answer 34

Salt and impurities

Question 35

What is solution mining?

Answer 35

Solution mining = Pumping hot water underground =the salt dissolves the the salt solution is forced to the surface by the pressure of the water

Question 36

What are three uses of rock salt?

Answer 36

Flavour food
On icy roads
Making chemicals