3.5.2 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism

Question 1

What is the process of ketone body metabolism in cells?

Answer 1

Question 2

What is the post absorbitive phase?

Answer 2

Question 3

What occurs during a short fast?

Answer 3

Low insulin

increase glucagon

Increased GH

Question 4

Explain the hormonal response to hypoglycemia in regards to glucose levels, epi and norepi, cortisol, GH, and glucagon.

Answer 4

Question 5

Discuss the fuel utilization for various tissues

Answer 5

Question 6

What is the genetic defect in MEN1?

Answer 6

Menin encoded by MEN1 gene

Question 7

Insulin is a major inhibitor of what produced by alpha cells?

Answer 7

Glucagon

Question 8

MEN1 is associated with hyperplasia of what organs?

Answer 8

The 3 P’s

Pituitary

Pancreas

Parathyroid

Question 9

Where are ketone bodies synthesized?

Answer 9

Synthesized in the mitochondria

Question 10

Explain the mobilization of TG from adipose

Answer 10

Question 11

What are some of the effects of GH on other tissues?

Answer 11

Decreases glucose uptake

Question 12

What is the role of GH on adipose tissue?

Answer 12

Stimulates lipolysis

Question 13

How does adipocytes have an endocrine role?

Answer 13

They have a role in steroid metabolism

Question 14

How can obesity affect the levels of leptin?

Answer 14

Obesity will increase levels of lepitin but there can be an apparent resistance

Question 15

What is RBP4?

Answer 15

Question 16

What occurs during a prolonged fast?

Answer 16

Increased glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines

Low levels of insulin

Question 17

What are the characteristics of MEN2b?

Answer 17

Constitutively active Tyr kinase

Pheochromocytoma

Medullary thyroid cancer

Mucosal neuromas

Question 18

What is hypoglycemic unawareness?

Answer 18

Reduced hormone response to hypoglycemia

Question 19

What is leptin?

Answer 19

Come from adipocytes

Fasting will decrease leptin and increase appetite

Serum levels are proportional to overall adipose mass

Question 20

What is the absorbitive phase?

Answer 20

Question 21

What are the basic characteristics of MEN2?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the role of thyroid hormone in protein metabolism?

Answer 22

TH has permissive effects - may regulate GH

Excess will lead to protein catabolism

Question 23

What is the role of catecholamines in glucose homeostatis in the panceras, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue?

Answer 23

Question 24

What is the effect of GH on the liver?

Answer 24

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 25

What is adiponectin?

Answer 25

Levels will be decreased in obese individuals elevated in leaner individuals

Question 26

What is the role of adipose tissue on energy homeostasis?

Answer 26

Senses blood glucose Assesses rate of glucose delivery Critical role in energy homeostasis (energy storage)

Question 27

Can adipocytes have a role in immune response?

Answer 27

Yes adipocytes can have a proinflammatory role

Question 28

What can occur in glucose homeostasis with excess thyroid hormone?

Answer 28

Glycogenolysis

Question 29

What are some sources of fuel for cells?

Answer 29

Question 30

What are the overall effects of leptin?

Answer 30

Reduced body fat and weight - until there is resistance

Question 31

What occurs to levels of ketone bodies in fasted and staved states?

Answer 31

Question 32

What are some symptoms associated with excess glucocorticoids?

Answer 32

Mimics a catabolic state Insulin resistance Hyperglycemia Redistribution of fat

Question 33

What are two main symptoms associated with glucocorticoid deficiency?

Answer 33

Insulin sensitivity Hypoglycemia

Question 34

How are glucagon and catecholamines regulated by hypoglycemia?

Answer 34

Glucagon - increased by hypoglycemia decreased by insulin and elevated glucose Catecholamines - Hypoglycemia induces sympathetic neuronal activity in the adrenal medulla

Question 35

Reduced levels of adiponectin have been associated with?

Answer 35

Insulin resistance

Question 36

What are some of the effects of adiponectin on skeletal muscle and in the liver?

Answer 36

Question 37

MEN2a has what characteristics?

Answer 37

Ligand-independent of dimerization of RET Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid cancer

Question 38

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) can what what effect glucose levels, lipids, and proteins?

Answer 38

Assisting in fasting state Increased gluconeogenesis Increased lipolysis Increased protein Decreased glucose uptake by cells

Question 39

How does thyroid hormone affect glucose homeostasis?

Answer 39

Increases cells sensitivity to insulin and epinephrine Increased basal metabolic rate and fuel consumption by increased Na/K ATPase

Question 40

What are the effects of thyroid hormone on lipid metabolism and basal metabolic rate?

Answer 40

Question 41

How are cortisol and GH regulated by hypoglycemia?

Answer 41

GH - Increased GHRH and reduced somatostatin Cortisol - Hypoglycemia induces hypothalamic release CRH

Question 42

What are some of the actions of GH (3)? What are some of the actions of IGF-1 (3)?

Answer 42