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HWSFBio NG+ > 3.5.2 Respiration > Flashcards

3.5.2 Respiration Flashcards

1
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2
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what is the first overall stage of respiration

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3
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6
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7
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Draw glycolysis

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8
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What is the second stage of respiration?

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The link reaction

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9
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10
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

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CO2, Acetyl CoA, and NADH

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11
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12
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13
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What are the products of one Krebs cycle?

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ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH and FADH2

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14
Q

What are the stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Cell cytoplasm

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16
Q

How many times do the Link reaction and Krebs cycle occur for every glucose molecule?

A

Twice

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17
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

Triose phosphate is oxidised forming 2 pyruvate molecules. 2 NAD molecules are reduced to 2 NADH. 4 ATP are produced but the net gain is 2ATP

18
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What is released from NADH and FADH2 when they are oxidised?

A

Hydrogen atoms

19
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What is oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

The process where the energy carried by electrons from NADH and FADH2 is used to make ATP in the electron transport chain

20
Q

What is the energy released from electrons as they move down their electron transport chain in respiration used for?

A

Used by electron carriers to pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space

21
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How is ATP made in electron transport chain ?

A

H+ ions move down the electrochemical gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix via the ATP synthase enzyme. This movement drives the synthesis of ATP

22
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What is the final electron acceptor in respiration ?

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O2

23
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What happens to lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactate is oxidised back into pyruvate. It is directly oxidised into CO2 and H2O via Krebs Cycle, releasing energy to synthesise ATP. Some lactate is converted to glycogen and stored in muscle or liver cells.

24
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What is aerobic respiration?

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splitting of glucose to release CO2 as a waste product and combining H2 with atmospheric O2 with the release of a large amount of energy

25
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Why does the Link reaction occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

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the enzymes and coenzymes needed are locate here. NADH made is in the right place to be used by oxidative phosphorylation

26
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How is acetate made from pyruvate ?

A

Pyruvate is carboxylated as one carbon atom is removed to form CO2 and then NAD is reduced by collecting hydrogen from pyruvate to form acetate

27
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What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants, animals and yeast?

A

In plants and yeast - pyruvate + NADH –> ethanol + CO2 + NAD. In animals - pyruvate + NADH –> lactate + NAD

28
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How is NAD regenerated in anaerobic respiration in humans

A

pyruvate is reduced (and forms lactate), the NADH is oxidised back into NAD

29
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What are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

30
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What is substrate level phosphorylation and when does it occur

A

THe production of ATP through a direct chemical reaction. It occurs in the last stage of glycolysis and during the krebs cycle. Overall 4 moleucles of ATP are made via this process in aerobic respiration

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32
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describe the structural adaptations of the mitochondria

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33
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What are some similarities between the chloroplast and mitochondria

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Both have circular and naked DNA. Both have 70s ribosomes and a double membrane. They both contain extensively folded membrane system to provide a large surface area for proteins of their electron transport chains

34
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What is the consequence of uncoupling proteins (or uncoupling chemicals) being added to the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

Some protons can leak back into the mitchnodrial matrix without going through ATP synthase. This causes a greater proportion of chemical energy in glucose to be released as heat energy.

35
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Define chemiosmosis

A

The movment of H+ ions down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

36
Q

Cyanide CN- ions bind to the final protein in the electron transport chain instead of oxygen. What is the consequence

A

All the proteins in the electron transport chain become reduced and pumping of protons ceases. No ATP can be made by ATP synthesis and the cell will either switch to anaerobic respiration or die.

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40
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compare and contrast anaerobic respiration in human cells and yeast cells

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42
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HWSFBio NG+ (22 decks)

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