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4th year Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is: RESPIRATION?

A

A biological process in which the chemical energy stored in food is released for use in cells.

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2
Q

What is the source of energy for living cells?

A

Glucose.

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3
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic.

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4
Q

What type of respiration requires oxygen?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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5
Q

What type of respiration releases a greater amount of energy?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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6
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Inside mitochondria.

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7
Q

What is the summary equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

What is: A biological process in which the chemical energy stored in food is released for use in cells?

A

Respiration.

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9
Q

Aerobic and anaerobic are…?

A

The two types of respiration.

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10
Q

What kind of respiration takes place inside mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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11
Q

What is this the summary equation for:

Glucose + Oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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12
Q

What is: ATP?

A

A high energy molecule (adenosine tri-phosphate)

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13
Q

When is ATP formed?

A

When adenosine di-phosphate (ADF) chemically joins with an inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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14
Q

What releases energy for cellular reactions?

A

Breaking the bond between ADP and the terminal inorganic phosphate.

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15
Q

What is ATP broken down to?

A

ADP + Pi (and regenerated to ATP in a cyclic reaction)

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16
Q

ADP + Pi ——> ?

A

ATP

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17
Q

ATP —–> ?

A

ADP + Pi

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18
Q

What happens to the amount of ATP a cell has?

A

It more or less stays the same.

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19
Q

What is formed: When adenosine di-phosphate (ADF) chemically joins with an inorganic phosphate (Pi)?

A

ATP

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20
Q

What does: Breaking the bond between ADP and the terminal inorganic phosphate do?

A

Released energy for cellular reactions.

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21
Q

Name 4 cellular reactions ATP is need for?

A

Protein synthesis.
Muscle contraction.
Cell divison.
Transmission of nerve impulses.

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22
Q

In respiration, what is required to release energy?

A

Glucose.

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23
Q

What is the energy used for?

A

To make ATP.

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24
Q

What is used to power another process in the cell?

A

ATP.

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25
Q

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis.

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26
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell whether oxygen is present or not.

27
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

28
Q

What is: GLYCOLYSIS?

A

The first stage of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

29
Q

When do: Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules?

A

Glycolysis.

30
Q

What is the second stage of respiration if oxygen is present? (aerobic)

A

Kreb’s cycle.

31
Q

If oxygen is present during respiration what happens to the pyruvate molecules?

A

The pyruvate molecules go to the central matrix of the mitochondria and Kreb’s cycle takes place.

32
Q

What is kreb’s cycle controlled by?

A

Enzymes.

33
Q

In kreb’s cycle, what is given off as a waste product and breathed out?

A

Carbon dioxide.

34
Q

In kreb’s cycle, what is removed and carried by high energy energy transfer molecules?

A

Hydrogen.

35
Q

What is used to produce ATP in kreb’s cycle?

A

Hydrogen.

36
Q

In kreb’s cycle, what combines with oxygen to form water which is breathed out?

A

Hydrogen.

37
Q

In kreb’s cycle, hydrogen combines with what to form water which is breathed out?

A

Oxygen.

38
Q

Where does kreb’s cycle take place during respiration?

A

Mitochondria.

39
Q

What is: KREB’S CYCLE?

A

The second stage of aerobic respiration that can only take place if oxygen is present.

40
Q

In kreb’s cycle what happens to: CARBON DIOXIDE?

A

It is given off as a waste product and breathed out.

41
Q

In kreb’s cycle what happens to: HYDROGEN?

A

It is removed and carried by high energy transfer molecules.
It is used to produce ATP.
It combines with oxygen to form water which is breathed out.

42
Q

What stage of aerobic respiration takes place is mitochondria?

A

The second stage. Kreb’s cycle.

43
Q

In total, how much ATP does aerobic respiration produce from 1 glucose molecule?

A

38 ATP are produced from aerobic respiration.

44
Q

Where does aerobic respiration start and get completed?

A

Aerobic respiration starts in the cyoplasm of the cell and is completed in the mitochondria.

45
Q

The more active a cell is..?

A

The more mitochondria it will have in order to provide the energy it needs.

46
Q

Where does the oxygen for aerobic respiration come from?

A

The oxygen is breathed in, then transported round the body inside red blood cells, where it is bound to a special protein called haemoglobin.

47
Q

In anaerobic respiration why can’t kreb’s cycle take place?

A

The pyruvate cannot enter the kreb’s cycle and must enter a different pathway.

48
Q

Where does the second stage of anaerobic take place? (it’s the same for plants and animals)

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell

49
Q

In the second stage of anaerobic respiration, how much energy is released?

A

There is no further release of energy by that pathway.

50
Q

In total, how much ATP does anaerobic respiration produce from 1 glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP is the energy released (by glycolysis)

51
Q

38 ATP are produced from what type of respiration from 1 glucose molecule?

A

Aerobic respiration.

52
Q

2 ATP are produced from what type of respiration from 1 glucose molecule?

A

Anaerobic respiration.

53
Q

In anaerobic respiration, what is the pyruvate converted to?

A

Lactic acid.

54
Q

What is the equation for the fermentation pathway in animals?

A

Glucose ——-> Lactic acid

55
Q

When lactic acids build up in the cells, what does it cause?

A

It causes fatigue and cramp.

56
Q

What is the build up of lactic acid referred to?

A

An oxygen debt.

57
Q

Is stage 2 of anaerobic respiration, in animals reversible or irreversible?

A

It is reversible.

58
Q

What is repaying the oxygen debt?

A

After anaerobic respiration, when oxygen becomes available, this lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvate and then enter kreb’s cycle.

59
Q

In plants during anaerobic respiration, what is pyruvate converted into?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

60
Q

What is the equation for the fermentation pathway in plants?

A

Glucose ——-> Carbon dioxide and ethanol.

61
Q

Is stage 2 of anaerobic respiration, in plants reversible or irreversible?

A

Irreversible.

62
Q

What is this the equation for: Glucose ——-> Lactic acid?

A

The fermentation pathway in animals.

63
Q

What build up in cell, causing fatigue and cramp?

A

Lactic acids

64
Q

What is this the equation for: Glucose ——-> Carbon dioxide and ethanol.

A

The fermentation pathway in plants.

4th year Biology (21 decks)

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