Impacts and Management Flashcards
What is the decency ratio?
The decency ratio gives the proportion that has to be supported by the working population.
What is the dependent population?
Children (0-14) and older people (over 65) are dependent on the working population (15-64) as they generally need looking after and finical support.
What does a high decency ratio show?
This means there is a greater proportion of dependent people e.g. Uganda has a high dependency ratio of 1.1 which means there is more than one dependent person for each independent person.
What does migration affect?
Both the area of origin and the area of destination.
What possible economic costs could there be on the origin country?
- The loss of the young adult labour force
- The loss of those with skill and entrepreneurial talents which may slow economic development.
- Regions where out-migration takes place may suffer from a spiral of decline that is difficult to halt.
- The loss of labour may deter inward investment by private organisations, increasing dependence on governmental initiatives.
What are the possible economic benefits there could be on the origin country as a result of migration?
- reduced under-employment in the source country
- Returning migrants bring new skills to the country, which may help revitalise the home economy
- Many migrants send remittances home and much of this money is reinvested in the home economy in projects such as new buildings and services.
- There is less pressure on resources in the area, including basic supplies such as food and essential services such as healthcare.
What social costs could impact the origin country as a result of migration?
- The perceived benefits of migration encourage more of the same generation to migrate, which has a detrimental effect on social structure
- There is a disproportionate number of females left behind
- The non-return of migrants causes an imbalance in the population pyramid.
- Returning retired migrants may impose a social cost on the community if support mechanisms are not in place to cater for them.
What social benefits could impact the origin country as a result of migration?
- The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases, as it is the younger adults who migrate.
- Remittances sent home by economic migrants can finance improved education and health facilities
- Returning retired migrants increase social expectations in the community for example the demand for better leisure facilities
What are the political effects on the origin country?
- Policies to encourage natural increase
- Policies to encourage immigration to counteract outflow or to develop resources
- Requests for international aid
What possible economic costs could there be on the destination country?
- The cost of educating the migrants children have to be borne
- There is an over dependence of some industries on migrant labour e.g. the construction industry in the UK
- Much of the money earned, including pension payments, is repatriated to the country of origin
- Increased numbers of people add pressure on resources such as health services and education.
What are the possible economic benefits there could be on the destination country as a result of migration?
- Economic migrants tend to take up the less desirable jobs
- The host country gains skilled labour at reduced costs.
- The ‘skills gap’ that exists in many host countries is filled by qualified migrants
- Costs of retirement are transferred back to the source country.
What social costs could impact the destination country as a result of migration?
- The dominance of males is reinforced, especially in countries where the status of women is low, e.g. Persian Gulf states.
- Aspects of cultural identity are lost, particularly among second- generation migrants.
- Segregated areas of similar ethnic groups are created, and schools are dominated by migrant children.
What social benefits could impact the destination country as a result of migration?
- Creation of a multiethnic society increases understanding of other cultures
- There is an influx of new and/or revitalised providers of local services e.g. turkish baths and local corner shops
- There is a growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outlets for example, the curry mile in Rusholme, Manchester.
What are the political effects on the destination country?
- Discrimination against ethnic groups and minorities which may lead to civil unrest and extremism.
- Calls for controls on immigration.
- Entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism.
