Nerve and MS System

Question 1

3 Basic Functions of the Nervous System:

Answer 1

sensory

integrative

motor

Question 2

Which type of nerve has the following characteristics: Afferent neurons that Detect internal and external stimuli

Answer 2

sensory

Question 3

Which type of nerve has the following characteristics: Processes information, or integrates – analyzing and storing some of information and makes decisions regarding appropriate responses – made up of interneurons, or associations

Answer 3

integrative

Question 4

Which type of nerve has the following characteristics: Responds to integrated decisions Efferent neurons, carry information to cells in body

Answer 4

motor

Question 5

the nervous system can be broken down into what two main parts?

Answer 5

CNS & PNS

Question 6

what is the saggital plane?

Answer 6

a vertical plane which passes from ventral (front) to dorsal (rear) dividing the body into right and left halves.

Question 7

what is the coronal plane?

Answer 7

(also known as the frontal plane) is any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections. It is one of the planes of the body used to describe the location of body parts in relation to each other.

Question 8

what is the transverse plane?

Answer 8

(also called the horizontal plane, axial plane, or transaxial plane) is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. It is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes.

Question 9

what are the functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 9

Contains motor and sensory nerve pathways that exit/enter the cord through nerve roots & spinal and peripheral nerves. Mediates reflex activity of the deep tendon reflexes from the spinal nerves

Question 10

what are the 5 segments of the spinal cord?

Answer 10

C1-7, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5 & coccygeal.

Question 11

Most lumbar punctures are performed at _______ vertebral interspace.

Answer 11

L2-4

Question 12

the PNS is further divided into…..

Answer 12

SNS – somatic nervous system

ANS – autonomic nervous system

ENS – enteric nervous system

Question 13

name the 12 cranial nerves and their basic functions

Answer 13

CN I – Olfactory - smell CN II – Optic – visual acuity, visual fields CN III – Oculomotor – pupillary reactions, extraocular movments CN IV – Trochlear – extraocular movements CN V – Trigeminal – corneal reflexes, facial sensation, jaw movements, voice and speech CN VI – Abducens – extraocular movements CN VII – Facial – facial movements, voice and speech CN VIII – Vestibocochlear – hearing, balance CN IX – Glossopharyngeal – swallowing and rise of the palate, gag reflex CN X – Vagus – voice and speech, swallowing and rise of the palate, gag reflex CN XI – Accessory – shoulder and neck movements CN XII – Hypoglossal – tongue symmetry and position, voice and speech

Question 14

there are how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 14

31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Question 15

for each spinal nerve: Anterior (Ventral) root ______ Fibers Posterior (Dorsal) root ______ Fibers

Answer 15

Motor

Sensory

Question 16

describe the reflex arc

Answer 16

Sensory nerve fibers -> impulse to spinal cord via a peripheral nerve -> anterior horn where sensory fiber synapses with cell innervating the same muscle When the impulse crosses the neuromuscular junction, the muscle suddenly contracts -> completing the arc

Question 17

what is the Babinski sign and what reflex is it testing?

Answer 17

dorsiflexion of the great toe with or without fanning of other toes plantar

Question 18

what is a dermatome?

Answer 18

band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve

Question 19

what is the glascow coma scale and when is it often used?

Answer 19

Used a lot in trauma to evaluate Level of Consciousness – generally correlates well with severity of injury and outcome….15 is highest possible score with 3 being the lowest.

Question 20

what are the diferent levels of consciousness?

Answer 20

Alert – awake and oriented Lethargy – patient will recognize you when you speak in a loud voice Obtundation – patient aroused with gentle shaking Stupor – patient aroused with painful stimuli Coma – patient not arousable with painful stimuli

Question 21

what do you assess in a mental status exam?

Answer 21

appearance

attention

language

memory

cognitive abilities

cortical function

Question 22

know how to test each cranial nerve

Answer 22

CN I – identify familiar smells CN II – use snellen chart, visual fields CN III, IV, VI – pupil direct and consensual response to light CN V – motor is teeth clenching; sensory is done with sharp and dull alternating over branches of the nerve CN VII – patient smiles, frowns, wrinkles forehead, puffs cheeks CN VIII – whisper test, Weber and Renne CN IX, X – notice trachea remains midline with swallow, soft palate rises with uvula remaining midline CN XI – shoulder shrug and turn head against resistance CN XII – directed movements is right, left, up, down; tongue strength is pushing against side of cheek

Question 23

Graphesthesia

Answer 23

“write” on patient’s hand with something blunt and they are to identify the number or letter you have written

Question 24

Stereognosis

Answer 24

identification of familiar objects in the patient’s hand

Question 25

Extinction

Answer 25

simultaneously touch 2 spots on the body and have patient point to location that was touched

Question 26

Point localization

Answer 26

identification of the location where you touch the patient’s skin briefly

Question 27

what is ataxia?

Answer 27

poor coordination/movement instability

Question 28

Brudzinski’s sign

Answer 28

pain with flexion of hips and knees with flexion of the neck while patient is in supine position…..suggests meningeal inflammation

Question 29

Kernig’s sign

Answer 29

pain and increased resistance when straightening the knee of flexed leg while in supine position

Question 30

which bones comprise the Axial skeleton?

Answer 30

skull bones, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and bones of the backbone

Question 31

which bones comprise the Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 31

bones of the upper and lower extremities, bones of the girdle

Question 32

how many bones are in a normal human body?

Answer 32

206

Question 33

what is the difference between active and passive ROM?

Answer 33

Active: the ROM that the patient is able to accomplish on their own

Passive: The ROM when the examiner manipulates the joint

Question 34

if you think of more stuff you want to add, go for it. most of the stuff in this section is intuitive and hard to make up questions for

Answer 34

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Question 35

Grading of muscle strength:

Grade 0

Answer 35

No muscle contraction is seen or identified with palpation; paralysis

Question 36

Grading of muscle strength

Grade 1

Answer 36

Muscle contraction is seen or identified with palpation, but it is insufficient to produce joint motion even with elimination of gravity

Question 37

Grading of muscle strength

Grade 2

Answer 37

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a fulll range of motion only if part is properly positioned so that the force of gravity is eliminated

Question 38

Muscle strength

Grade 3

Answer 38

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a full range of motion against gravity but without any resistance

Question 39

Muscle strength

Grade 4

Answer 39

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a full range of motion against moderate resistance

Question 40

Muscle strength

Grade 5

Answer 40

The muscle can move the joint it crosses through a full a range of motion, against gravity, and against full resistance applied by the examiner.

Question 41

What are the three categories tested in the Glasgow coma evaluation

Answer 41

Eye opening

Verbal response

Motor response