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Step 1 Exam > Microbiology Parasitology - First Aid > Flashcards

Microbiology Parasitology - First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia lamblia disease

A

Giardiasis: bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers)

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2
Q

Transmission of Giardia lamblia

A

cysts in water

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3
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia

A

trophozoites or cysts in stool

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4
Q

Treatment for Giardia

A

Metronidazole

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5
Q

Entamoeba histolytica disease

A

Amebiasis: bloody diarrhea, liver abscess (w/ “anchovy paste” exudate), RUQ pain

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6
Q

Transmission of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Cysts in the water

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7
Q

Diagonsis of Entamoeba histolytica

A

serology and trophozoites (w/ RBCs in cytoplasm) or cysts (w/ up to 4 nuclei) in stool

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8
Q

Treatment of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Metronidazole

Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

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9
Q

Cryptosporidium diesease

A

severe diarrhea in AIDS

mild disease in immunocompromised

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10
Q

Cryptosporidium transmission

A

oocysts in water

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium

A

oocysts on acid-fast stain

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12
Q

Treatment of Cryptosporidium

A

prevention by filtering city water

Nitazoxanide in immunocompromised hosts

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13
Q

Protozoa that cause GI infections (3)

A
  1. Giardia lamblia
  2. Entamoeba histolytica
  3. Cryptosporidium
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14
Q

Protozoa that cause CNS infections (3)

A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii
  2. Naegleria fowleri
  3. Trpanosoma brucei
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15
Q

Toxoplasma gondii disease

A 
brain abcesses in HIV (ring-enhancing lesions on CT/MRI)
congenital toxoplasmosis (triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications)
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16
Q

Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii

A

cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta

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17
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii

A

serology, biopys (tachyzoite)

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18
Q

Treatment for Toxoplasma gondii

A

Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

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19
Q

Naegleria fowleri disease

A

Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis

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20
Q

Trasmission of Naegleria fowleri

A

swimming in freshwater lakes; enters via cribiform plate

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21
Q

Diagnosis of Naegleria fowleri

A

amoebas in spinal fluid

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22
Q

Treatment of Naegleria fowleri

A

Amphotericin B

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23
Q

Trypanosoma brucei disease

A

African sleeping sickness: enlarged LNs, recurring fever, somnolence, coma

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24
Q

Transmission of Trypanosoma brucei

A

tsetse fly (painful bite)

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25
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei

A

blood smear

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26
Q

Treatment for Trypanosoma brucei

A

Suramin for blood-borne disease

Melarsoprol for CNS penetration

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27
Q

Protozoa that cause hematologic infections

A
  1. Plasmodium

2. Babesia

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28
Q

Plasmodium Disease

A

fever, HA, anemia, splenomegaly

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29
Q

P. vivax/ovale

A 
48 hour cycle (fevers on first and third days)
dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver
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30
Q

P. falciparum

A

severe
irregular fever patterns
parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys and lungs

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31
Q

P. malariae

A

72 hr cycle (quartan)

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32
Q

Transmission of Plasmodium

A

mosquito

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33
Q

Diagnosis of Plasmodium

A
  • blood smear, trophozoite ring form within RBC

- schizont containing merozoites

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34
Q

Treatment of Plasmodium

A

Begin with chloroquine which blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase; if resistant, use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil.

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35
Q

If Plasmodium infxn is life-threatening, treat with…

A

IV quinidine (check for G6PD deficiency).

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36
Q

For vivax/ovale treatment, add…

A

primaquine for hypnozoites 9test for G6PD deficiency).

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37
Q

Babesia disease

A

Babesisosis: fever and hemolytic anemia; northeast US; asplenia increases risk of disease

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38
Q

Transmission of Babesia

A

ixodes tick

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39
Q

Diagnosis of Babesia

A

blood smear has ring form and Maltese cross

PCR

40
Q

Treatment of Babesia

A

Atovaquone + Azithromycin

41
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi disease

A

Chagas disease: dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus

(South America)

42
Q

Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Reduviid bug (“kissing bug”) feces, deposited in a painless bite

43
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

blood smear

44
Q

Treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Benznidazole

Nifurtimox

45
Q

Leishmania donovani disease

A

visceral leishmaniasis: spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia

46
Q

Transmission of Leishmania donovani

A

sandfly

47
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmania donovani

A

macrophages containing amastigotes

48
Q

Treatment of Leishmania donovani

A

Amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate

49
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis Disease

A

Vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning

50
Q

Transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

sexual (cannot exist outside of humans because it cannot form spores)

51
Q

Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

trophozoites on wet mount

strawberry cervix

52
Q

Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole for pt and partner

53
Q

Intestinal Nematodes (roundworms)

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (hookworms)

54
Q

Transmission of Enterobius vermicularis

A

fecal-oral

55
Q

Enterobius vermicularis disease

A

Intestinal infection causing anal pruritis (diagnosed via scotch tape test)

56
Q

Treatment for Enterobius vermicularis

A

Bendazoles or ppyrantel pamoate

57
Q

Transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

fecal-oral; eggs visible in feces under microscope

58
Q

Disease of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

intestinal infection

59
Q

Treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

60
Q

Strongyloides sterocralis transmission

A

larvae in soil penetrate the skin

61
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis disease

A

intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain

62
Q

Treatment for Strongyloides

A

Ivermectin or albendazole

63
Q

Transmission of Anyclostoma duodenale or Necator americanus

A

larvae penetrate skin

64
Q

Anyclostoma/Necator disease

A

intestinal infection causing anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls

65
Q

Treatment of Ancylostoma/Necator

A

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

66
Q

Tissue Nematodes

A

Onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa
Wuchereria bancrofti
Toxocara canis

67
Q

Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus

A

female blackfly bite

68
Q

Onchocerca volvulus disease

A

hyperpigmented skinand river blindness; allergic rxn to microfilaria possible

69
Q

Onchocerca volvulus treatment

A

Ivermectin

70
Q

Loa loa transmission

A

deer fly, mango fly, horse fly

71
Q

Loa loa disease

A

swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva

72
Q

Loa loa treatment

A

Diethylcarbamazine

73
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti transmission

A

female mosquito

74
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti disease

A

blocks lymphatic vessels: elephantiasis: takes 9 months - 1 yr after bite to become symptomatic

75
Q

Treatment for Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Diethylcarbamazine

76
Q

Toxocara canis transmission

A

fecal-oral

77
Q

Toxocara canis disease

A

visceral larva migrans

78
Q

Toxocara canis treatment

A

Albendazole or mebendazole

79
Q

Cestodes (tapeworms)

A
  1. Taenia solium
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum
  3. Echinococcus granulosus
80
Q

Taenia solium transmission

A

ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork or ingestion of eggs

81
Q

Taenia solium disease

A
  • intestinal infection (from larvae)
  • cysticercosis (from eggs)
  • neurocysticercosis (from eggs)
82
Q

Treatment for Taenia solium

A

Praziquantel

Also, albendazole for neurocysticercosis.

83
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum transmission

A

ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish

84
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum disease

A

vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) leading to anemia

85
Q

Treatment for Diphyllobothrium

A

Praziquantel

86
Q

Echinococcus granulosus transmission

A

ingestion of eggs from dog feces

87
Q

Echinococcus granulosus disease

A

Hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens are release (surgeons preinject with ethanol to kill cysts)

88
Q

Treatment for echinococcus

A

Albendazole

89
Q

Trematodes (flukes)

A
  1. Schistosoma

2. Clonorchis sinensis

90
Q

Schistosoma transmission

A

snails are host; cercariae penetrate skin of humans

91
Q

Disease from Schistosoma

A

Liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation

92
Q

Chronic infection with schistosoma can lead to…

A

SCC of the bladder.

93
Q

Treatment for schistosoma

A

Praziquantel

94
Q

Clonorchis transmission

A

undercooked fish

95
Q

Clonorchis sinensis disease

A

biliary tract inflammation leading to pigmented gallstones.

96
Q

Clonorchis sinensis is associated with…

A

cholangiocarcinoma.

97
Q

Treatment for Clonorchis

A

Praziquantel

Step 1 Exam (32 decks)

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