Exam stuff. Skeletal, muscular, cardio pulm development

Question 1

Fontanelle

Answer 1

opening at punctures of cranial bones. until fuse

Question 2

Anterior and posterior fontanelle

Answer 2

• anterior = diamond, closes within 18 months

- post = small triangle, closes within 12 months

Question 3

Typical deformities at birth

Answer 3

• genu varus
• extreme DF
• “conehead”

Question 4

What is brachycephaly?

Answer 4

• head becomes flattened uniformly

- not enough tummy time

Question 5

What is plagiocephaly?

Answer 5

• parallelogram deformity where one side appears flat and pushes forward with contralto bulge
• related to toritcollis

Question 6

skeletal development infancy and childhood

Answer 6

• increases most before puberty
• epiphyseal plates are active
• growing bone is less dense

Question 7

skeletal development adolescence. puberty

Answer 7

girls - 12-13yrs

boys - 14-15yrs

Question 8

When do epiphyseal plates close?

Answer 8

• 25 complete

- girls earlier cuz of estrogen

Question 9

muscle develop: first year

Answer 9

• inc in number and size

**after this only inc size

Question 10

Muscle change during childhood and adolescence is link to what?

Answer 10

child = height and weight, inc fiber size, inc muscle maturation

adolescence = all hormone

Question 11

When do you peak muscle stuff

Answer 11

in 30s

Question 12

what is torticollis?

Answer 12

common muscle disorder
-congenital or acquired

• SCM shortened
• flex towards and rotate away
• often compounded by plagiocephaly
• roll to opposite side

Question 13

Cardio dev: fetal heart

Answer 13

• 4 chamber by 7 week gestation
• nutrients from umbilical cord
• foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

Question 14

Cardio dev: hemoglobin production

Answer 14

• fetal hemoglobin > postnatal hemoglobin

* **helps fetus avoid min hypoxic events

Question 15

Heart rate changes with age

Answer 15

neonate = 120-125
1 yr = 120
6 yr = 100
16 yr = 80 (F) , 75 (M)
puberty = smilar for girls and boys
post pub girls > boys

Question 16

as heart develops. BP HR blah. why?

Answer 16

heart gets stronger. more SV.

Question 17

Pulm dev: ventilatory pump (VP) at birth

Answer 17

• infant has structural immaturity of thorax

- lack development and control of diaphragm and other respiratory muscles

Question 18

VP (vent pump) during 3-6 month

Answer 18

• inc expansion of upper chest is possible due to muscular development

Question 19

VP (vent pump) at 6-12 months

Answer 19

• child assume upright position and is working against grav

- ribs are being pulled down by grav and the developing abs

Question 20

VP (vent pump) with growth

Answer 20

• rib cage less flexible
• diaphragm pulled into dome shape
• stronger abs stabilize.

Question 21

Surfactant

Answer 21

• needed for max lung expansion after birth
• no surfactant = alveoli collapse
• produced by fetus at 24 weeks gestation (complete by 36 weeks)

Question 22

Alveoli

Answer 22

• few at birth
• number is proportionate to height as we grow
• vital capacity inc as height inc

Question 23

Hyaline membrane disease/ respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 23

• caused by lack of surfactant
• proteins and dead cells line alveoli, making gas exchange difficult
• membrane looks glassy and “hyalos” (glass in greek)

Question 24

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Answer 24

• caused by inc pressure in lungs due to mechanical ventilation
• inflam and scarring of lung tissue -> hardening and stiffness
• *** causes difficult in breathing

Question 25

Respiratory characteristics of neonate

Answer 25

• high resp. rate
• irregular breathing pattern
• periodic apnea in many

Question 26

Respiratory characteristics with growth

Answer 26

• inc lung expansion
• inc alveoli
• inc vital capacity
• inc hemoglobin content of blood

*** EQUALS dec resp. rate.

Question 27

Blood volume changes

Answer 27

• inc with body size
• neonate = 300-400 mL
• adolescent: 5L