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Behavioral Neuroscience 370 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system;

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

Initial love

A

dopamine “erotic high”
PEA
honeymoon period

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

involved in addictive behavior and OCD;

natural endorphine that causes the body to relax and kills pain

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4
Q

PEA

A

high quantity when you first meet and gradually decreases;

body becomes tolerant after long exposure

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5
Q

Oxytocin

A

deep bond through touch
released during orgasm (greater for women)
“cuddle hormone”

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6
Q

Sertotonin

A

well-being, partnership, and trust

oxytocin and serotonin increase at 3-4 yr mark

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7
Q

Sex and basic needs similarities

A

sex is like hunger and thirst;

arousal and satiation, hormonal control, controlled by specific brain areas

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8
Q

Sex and basic needs differences

A

not a homeostatic tissue need (not required for survival)

reproduction is a species need

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9
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

Excitement phase- Plateau phase- Orgasm- Resolution phase- Refractory phase (males)

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10
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid hormone from androgen group;
secreted by the testicles and by the adrenal glands;
male sex hormone

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11
Q

Estrogen

A

produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands;

development of female body, increases uterine growth, lubes vagina, thickens vaginal wall

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

produced in ovaries during menstration;
also synthesized by the placenta, downregulates estrogen receptors, reduces anxiety, slows digestion, promotes appetite and fat storage, matures breast tissue

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13
Q

Estradiol

A

produced by ovaries, adrenal gland, and placenta
growth hormone for reproductive organs
required for reproductive and sexual function

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14
Q

BSTc or Central bed nucleus of the stria terminals

A

smaller in women and male-to-female transsexuals

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15
Q

SCN

A

larger in gay men than in heterosexual men and secretes more Vasopressin

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16
Q

Third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus

A

half the size in gay men and heterosexual women;
M to F=# close to female
F to M=# close to male

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17
Q

Medial amygdala

A

BOTH SEXES

Sexual behavior, aggression, and emotions

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18
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

MALES

Erectile dysfunction, BP, heart rate, metabolic balance

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19
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

FEMALES

active during sex

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20
Q

MPOA

A

BOTH SEXES
Sexual motivation
Performance

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21
Q

SDN

A

MALES

5x larger in males

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22
Q

Dopamine and sexual behavior

A

drugs that increase dopamine increase sexual activity and orgasmic activity

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23
Q

Serotonin and sexual behavior

A

ejaculation is accompanied by increase in serotonin in lateral hypothalamus;
drugs that increase serotonin impair sexual ability and orgasm

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24
Q

Oxytocin and sexual behavior

A

(females)
facilitates bonding
increases during orgasm; breast feeding; birth

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25
Q

Vasopressin and sexual behavior

A

(males)

Bonding; mate protection

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26
Q

Sex

A

biological characteristics that divide male and female

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27
Q

Gender

A

behavioral characteristics associated with being male and female

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28
Q

Gender role

A

societal set of behaviors society appropriate for a particular sex

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29
Q

Gender identity

A

subjective feeling of being male or female

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30
Q

Organizing effects

A

Permanent
prenatally and shortly after birth
Ex- increase in stature

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31
Q

Activating effects

A

Reversible
at any point in life
Ex- breast developmenet

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32
Q

Role of amygdala

A

involved in sexual behavior, emotion, and aggression

Erection, ovulation, pleasure, orgasm

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33
Q

VTA

A

reward center

dopamine leads to reward/pleasure

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34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulation of sex hormones

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35
Q

Instinct

A

automatic and unlearned behavior

36
Q

Drive theory

A

the body maintains homeostasis in its systems

37
Q

Shortcomings of Drive theory

A

emphasis on drives as states of the brain rather than conditions of tissues

38
Q

Incentive theory

A

motivated by external stimuli

People eat because it is pleasurable

39
Q

Arousal theory

A

people behave to satisfy a certain level of sensation

40
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

when fluid in cells drop, cells take water from bloodstream

41
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

when blood volume drops

42
Q

Sensory-specific satiety

A

food is less appealing the more you eat, encouraging variation in choices
NST of medulla

43
Q

Learned taste aversion

A

avoiding foods associated with illness or poor nutrition

44
Q

Learned taste preference

A

preference for the flavor of a food that contains a needed nutrient; often counteracted by tasty, high calorie foods

45
Q

Effects of stress on digestion

A

Autonomic nervous system
can increase stomach acid causing indigestion
can cause nausea, diarrhea, constipation

46
Q

Absorptive phase

A

insulin is secreted, which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients

47
Q

Fasting phase

A

the pancreas secretes glucagon

48
Q

Obesity and dopamine receptor

A

people who are obese have a less sensitive dopamine reward system
Reduced number of D2 receptors and prefrontal metabolism

49
Q

Factors leading to obesity

A

Malnutrition

obese with autosomal recessive mutation improve with leptin (not diabetic)

50
Q

Leptin

A

protein who’s absence is related to weight gain

51
Q

Factors leading to anorexia

A

reduced serotonin activity, imbalanced ratio of serotonin receptors
low activity in dopamine reward systems

52
Q

Top-down and Bottom-up in anorexic

A

want low calorie foods, but find increased reward activity to high-calorie food and pics of thin women

53
Q

Agonist

A

mimics or enhances nerotransmitter

54
Q

Antagonist

A

may reduce release of nerotransmitter

55
Q

Addiction

A

preoccupation with obtaining a drug,
compulsive use of the drug in spite of adverse consequences;
a high tendency to relapse after quitting

56
Q

Withdrawal

A

negative reaction that occurs when drug use is stopped

57
Q

Tolerance

A

person becomes less responsive to the drug, requiring increasing amounts of drug to produce same results;
significant reason for overdose

58
Q

Dependence

A

a state in which an organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug

59
Q

How opiates work

A

binds to opioid receptor to indirectly increase dopamine

60
Q

Effects from use of opiates

A

analgesic, hypnotic, euphoria

61
Q

How depressants work

A

reduce nervous system activity

62
Q

Effects from use of depressants

A

anxiolytic, sedation, hypnotic

63
Q

How stimulants work

A

activate CNS to produce arousal, increase alertness, decrease appetite and up mood

64
Q

Effects from use of stimulants

A

arousal, alertness, euphoria

65
Q

How psychedelics work

A

compounds that cause perceptual distortions

-Activate DA pathways

66
Q

Effects from use of psychedelics

A

distortions, hallucinations

67
Q

How marijuana works

A

binds to endogenous cannabinoid receptors

68
Q

Effects from use of marijuana

A

impaired prefrontal function, temporary memory, cognitive and IQ deficits

69
Q

How barbiturates and benzos work

A

decrease activity in limbic system, hippocampus, brain stem, and cortex

70
Q

Amphetamines

A

synthetic drugs that produce euphoria, increased concentration, and deficits in attention in impulse control

71
Q

What happens to DA receptors after substance use over time?

A

DA receptors become less responsive after long-term use

72
Q

Addictive potential of drugs

A

More likely to become addicted to fast-acting drugs

need more to obtain high

73
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

begins in VTA and connects to nucleus accumbens

74
Q

System 1

A

Hot

automatic, gut feeling, fast, stereotypic, instinct, more emotional

75
Q

System 2

A

Cold

focused, analytical, effortful, calculating, conscious, slower, more rational

76
Q

Brain area associated with loss

A

anterior insula

77
Q

Brain area associated with gain

A

nucleus accumbens

78
Q

Brain area associated with risk aversion

A

insula activation

79
Q

Biases in decision making

A
  • decisions should be rational and well calculated
  • emotions can lead to errors
  • emotional and rational behaviors seen as separate processes
  • experts have better emotional control
80
Q

Risk aversion

A

choose smaller payoff that is more certain than an uncertain payoff that is potentially larger

81
Q

vmPFC

A

mental representation of emotions

82
Q

Role of emotions in decision making

A
  • amygdala triggers emotional states and responds to reward/punishment
  • brain calls on vmPFC during decision making
  • vmPFC re-enacts these emotional responses
  • Insula provides gut feeling based on vmPFC
83
Q

Steinberg 2010

A

Reward-seeking increases in middle adolescence and then declines.
Gains in impulse control occur throughout adolescence and well into young adulthood.
Socioemotional and cognitive control.
Reward seeking vs impulse control
Impulsivity decrease as age

84
Q

Tower of London

A

adults and adolescents move balls on rods to form goal position in as few moves as possible

  • self reported impulsivity=sig predictor
  • self reported sensation seeking= not sig
85
Q

Iowa Gambling Task

A

attempt to earn money by playing or passing cards. Advantageous deck and Disadvantageous deck.

  • self reported impulsivity=not sig
  • self reported sensation seeking= sig predictor
86
Q

Hypothalamus
Limbic
VTA
Nucleus accumbens

A

Regulation of hormones
Amygdala- emotion, arousal, pleasure seeking
Makes DA
Receives DA

Behavioral Neuroscience 370 (6 decks)

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