Heart Failure / Cardiac Patho Test 2/2

Question 1

Heart failure is the inability of the heart to ______________ and therefore oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues and organs.

Answer 1

Supply adequate blood flow

Question 2

Under perfusion of organs leads to reduced exercise capacity, fatigue, and shortness of breath. It can also lead __________________(e.g., renal failure) in some patients.

Answer 2

organ dysfunction

Question 3

_____________new cases of heart failure each year worldwide

Answer 3

15 million

Question 4

_____________ new cases of heart failure diagnosed each year in the USA

Answer 4

600,000

Question 5

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization of patients over

Answer 5

65

Question 6

Once chronic HF is diagnosed: What are the One year mortality figures for the following?

Severe chronic HF =
Moderate chronic HF =
Mild chronic HF =

Answer 6

Severe chronic HF = 50 - 60%
Moderate chronic HF = 15-30%
Mild chronic HF = 10%

Question 7

Intrinsic diseases

Answer 7

CAD, Cardiomyopathies

Question 8

Extrinsic diseases

Answer 8

HTN, volume loads, hormonal disorders

Question 9

The number one cause of heart failure is

Answer 9

CAD

Question 10

Another common cause of heart failure is

Answer 10

MI

which is the final and often fatal culmination of CAD.

Question 11

What percentage of MIs are fatal ?

Answer 11

1/3

Question 12

Causes for acute HF?

Answer 12

CPB
Sepsis
Acute MI
Valve dysfunction 
Arrhythmias

Question 13

Causes for chronic HF where the development is slow and the heart has time to adapt?

Answer 13

Hypertrophy, dilation

Question 14

Acute effects of moderate HF?

Answer 14

Reduced CO

Damming of blood in the veins

Question 15

Compensation for acute effects of moderate HF?

Answer 15

• Sympathetic response
• Recovery
• Renal retention

Question 16

Sympathetic nervous receptors such as the Baroreceptors are activated by?

Answer 16

Decreased arterial blood pressure

Question 17

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to what?

Answer 17

Changes on blood chemistry such as CO2, O2, and pH.

Question 18

Low C.O. has a profound effect on ?

Answer 18

Renal function

Fluid retention

Question 19

Fluid retention can be beneficial in increasing pressure gradient causing venous flow of blood toward the heart and what else?

Answer 19

Distends the veins, reducing resistance

Question 20

Left heart failure is the result of what?

Answer 20

Systolic failure = Loss of contractile power

Diastolic failure = loss of ability to relax and fill
Know as restrictive CMP

Question 21

Loss of ability to move venous blood through the pulmonary circuit

Answer 21

Right HF occurs when the left heart has failed

Question 22

Left side heart failure signs and symptoms.

Answer 22

Elevated PCWP
Pulmonary congestion 
Restlessness 
Confusion 
Orthopnea
Tachycardia 
Exceptional dyspnea 
Fatigue 
Cyanosis 
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 23

Right side heart failure (cor pulmonale) signs and symptoms.

Answer 23

• Fatigue
• Increased peripheral venous pressure
• Ascites
• Enlarged liver & spleen
• JVD
• Anorexia / GI distress
• Swelling in hands and fingers
• Dependent edema