Week 10/2 412 TA lecture Attachment/early Experiences Flashcards
John bowlby
Credited with theory of attachment.
Evolutionary theory.
Security, social emotional bonds etc.
AttChment
Measurement
Outcomes, models,
Intervention
Overview of lecture
Secure attachment
Consistant stable caregivings, influences attachment.
Note child characteristics
And
Environmental stressors dynamic influence as well.
Attachment is a dyadic process therefore. Inter-active
Ainsworth measurement of attachment in infants
Categorical measure
Situational strange sit. Test.
Mother child:
7 phases. Child response to reunion behaviour (happens 2x)
4 possible outcomes.
Secure: consistant responsive stable caregiving. Explore
Insecure avoidant:
Not upset when left alone. May not
Insecur anxious:,resistant attachment.
Distressed leaves, not soothed.
In consistant responsiveness. Not trusting rela
Disorganized:
No organized pattern. May or may not be upset when parent returns. No consistant explore or stress reg.
frightening or abusive parenting typically associated with.
Avoidance and anxiety Cartesian
Secure anxious
Avoidant disorganized
Prevalence
Secure 65
Resistant 10
Disorganized like 5%
How does attachment work.
Organized by caregiver responsitivity and consistancy.
Model of self and world is based on these experiences.
Ability to manage distress and challenges experiences.
Novel environement
Self efficacy and worthy of Supprt and care.
Generalize beyond infancy
Secure infant: availbe caregiver, model worthy of love and attention.
Avoidant
Resistant: in consistant, sometimes ok or not.
Disorganized: caregiver is distorted. Incoherent model of self.
Hmm, like level of moratorium in personality. Self discovery stages of dev.
Model of self vs other Cartesian cool
Secure. Anxious avoidant
Avoidant disorganized,
Develops in first year of life.
Attachment also used for
Mespchanisms for stress management,
Managing and coping with threats.
Loud noise,
Challenge,
Seperation,
New enviro
See distress caregiver responds, but also supportive of autonomy!
Avoidant: caregiver non responsive. Deactivated attachment system.
Resistant: will seek caregiver, stress not reduced. Less exploring, less autonomy, chronic activation.
Internal working model, influence tion appraisal of threat.
Changes with age.
Types of behaviours used to signify stress. Cry to verbal.
Signals and regulation behaviours generalize beyond infancy though.
Secure is better.
More stim. Learning, better stars coping, adaptive.
Continuity and change of attachment
Most sensitive to early envior.
First year most imp.
Continues through dev.
Can change category! Depends on experience.
Insecure attachment risk associated with
Risk for pathology,
Increased likelihood. No causal role.
Minnesota study of risk.x
30y longitudinal.
High risk sample. Xage was 20
Consistant with bowlby and Ainsworth.
Early caregiving did influence infant attachment.
Secure led to secure.
Mothers of resistant attachment, had lack of knoweldge of infants needs,
Avoidant, mothers had less engagement of interaction.
Disorganized meant maltreatment and inconsistency
Child characteristics influence too, no direct effects. indirect:
Caregiving sensitivity
Less engaged infants due to high irritability meant developmental delays.
Avoidant attachment mothers were more irritable and had negative feelings of motherhood,
Resistant attachment mothers and daughters and had stressful life events.
Dynamic inter-active effect seen.
Secure attachment correlated with self reliance, more Independant and less reliant on teachers,
More dependant ones wipers avoidant chicken.
Secure means better emotional reg.
Social competence higher too. Better emptathy and leadership qualities. More mutual friendships and reciprocal friendships.
Avoidant worst off in preschool
Resistant kids lacked agency, and tended to be incompetent with interactin with peers. But I guess are better at being presented
Secure attachment is a protective factor.
But avoidant
Did not have more instances of issues.
Just a slightly greater risk.
Disorganized att, mean mor dissociative symptoms.
Fits with idea of confusing frightening caregivers nad incoherent model of self.
Avoidant meant more externalizimg conduct problems.
Rela. Distressed hostile! Rejecting. Internalized. Cd potential
Resistant meant more anx. Problems.
Internalize world not safe place due to in consistant parenting.
Avoidant alienation hopelessness.
Resistant, Anx. And helplessness.
Cold parent and context (stress poverty)
Interaction at multiple levels.
Parenting influences:
Interacts across dev,
Context influence too. poverty is stressful .
Internalizing or externalizimg BEHAVIOUR and Risky parenting BEHAVIOUR influences.
Parenting effects ip even if depression maternal and stress controlled for.
Low risk samples, seems like less efct of attachment model predicting psychopathology, introduce a stressor in high risk and Diathesis stress shows the issues and results!
Internal working models are key
Are modeled, will adapt and therefore has a feedback loop.
Early experince never lost!
But Transforamation is expectedM
Insecure attachment predicts something but not sure what.
Anxious resistant anxiety.
Avoidant ls consistant.
PTSD associated with anxious and avoidant
Avoidant and disorganized associated with cd, resistant unsure.
Multfinality and divergent trajectories.
Mediating facotrs, of multifinality and divergent trajectories.
Distal facotrs,
Mediating proximal factors. Internal working models!
Transdiagnostic model.
Neat diagram.
Biological mechanisms
Oxytocin model
Secure more oxytocin and higher at baseline.
Activate dopmine, inhibits negativity. Facilitates empathic reaction.
Supression negative
Activates and de actives brain regions,
Responds to infant cues,
Promotes ot in children.
So positive feedbakx loop.
Genetic influence too!
Ot secrets in event of social salience, and lowers threshold of activation of neocortex, released in opportunity or threat,
Neural reward and anxiety reduction effects. Seeking others to help support your exploration or opportunity to sit.
Using social support to alleviate negative sit,
Chronically, stressed, exploring or reassurance seeking leas to psychopathology. Need to get back to baseline!
