4⃣ Demography 2) Reasons For The Fall In Birth Rate Flashcards
How is changes in the position of women a reason for the fall in birth rate
⚫️increased educational opportunities
⚫️more women working
⚫️changes in attitudes to family life and women’s role
⚫️easier access to divorce
⚫️access to abortion and contraception
What are the four reasons of the fall in birth rate
⚫️changes in the position of women
⚫️fall in the infant mortality rate
⚫️children as an economic liability
⚫️child-centerdness
Explain how the factors of changes in the position of women affect the birth rate
⚫️educated women
➡️see other possibilities in life
➡️apart from traditional housewife role and mother
➡️many choosing to delay childbearing
➡️or not having children at all
➡️in order to pursue a career
What are the reasons for the fall in the infant mortality rate
➡️improved housing
➡️mothers knowledge of hygiene and child health
➡️health services for mothers and children
⚫️medical factors
➡️did not play much party until 1950s
➡️when IMR began to fall
➡️due to mass immunisation, antibiotics, improved midwifery
How is the fall in the infant mortality rate a reason for the fall in birth rate
⚫️IMR is the number of infants
➡️who die before their first birthday
➡️per 1000 babies born alive, per year
⚫️IMR fallen greatly in the last century
➡️1900-154
➡️2007- 5
⚫️a fall in IMR
➡️cause a fall in birth rate
➡️if infants survive, parents will have fewer of them
How is children as an economic liability a reason for the fall in birth rate
⚫️until 19th century
➡️children were economic assets
➡️they went to work from an early age
➡️now they’re an economic liability:
⚫️laws banning child labour
➡introducing compulsory schooling
➡️mean they remain economically dependent for longer
⚫️changing norms
➡️about children’s right
➡️to a high standard of living
➡️raises their costs
➡️this means parents unable to afford large family
How is child centredness a reason for the fall in birth rate
⚫️childhood now socially constructed ➡️as a uniquely important period ➡️ this led to a shift from ➡️quantity to quality: ➡️parent now have fewer children ➡️more attention and resources on the few
What are the effects of a falling birth rate
⚫️lower birth rate and fertility rate
➡️have several effects on the family and society
➡️having fewer children
➡️women freer to go out to work
➡️creating dual earner couple
⚫️the dependency ratio
⚫️public services
️Describe the dependency ratio
⚫️dependency ratio
➡️relationship between size of the working population
➡️and size of the non-working population
⚫️the working populations earning and taxes
➡️support the dependent population
⚫️children are a large part of the dependent population
➡️so fewer children
➡️reduces the burden of dependency
➡️on working population
Describe the public services
⚫️fewer school and child health services may be needed
➡️less needs to be spent on maternity and paternity leave
⚫️however there are political decision
➡️government can choose either
➡️reduce number of school
➡️smaller class sizes
