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Media Effects Comm 309 > Exam 2 Class Notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 Class Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is persuasion?

A

attempt to influence other person belief, attitude, or actions thru comm

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2
Q

what types of changes take place during persuasion

A
  • create new attitude
  • reinforcement of existing attitude
  • “changing” an attitude
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3
Q

What is consistency

A
  • basic human need
  • seek consistency
  • inconsistent=stress
  • motivation to reduce
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4
Q

what is the cognitive dissonance theory

A
  • occur when attitude/behavior inconsistent = dissonance

- try to resolve

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5
Q

what do we use to examine persuasion

A
  • the source
  • the message
  • the audience
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6
Q

Explain the Central Route in Persuasion

A
  • difficult
  • lots of cognitive functions
  • questions/arguments
  • leads to long-term attitude changes
  • if persuaded, strong change
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7
Q

Explain the Peripheral Route in Persuasion

A
  • not strong
  • just hearing something
  • not involve much cognitive effort
  • may occur in many ways
  • short term attitude changes
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8
Q

What is the Elaboration Liklihood Model

A
  • explains the process of persuasion by identifying the liklihood of person to elaborate cognitively
  • 2 distinct routes: peripheral, central
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9
Q

What makes a source more credible

A
  • competent (experts?)

- trustworthy

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10
Q

what is the sleeper effect

A

-remember message, but forget who said it

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11
Q

Why are communicators we like more effective?

A
  • similarity
  • attractiveness
  • wont have strong effect on controversial topics
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12
Q

what are fear appeals

A

can change behavior by scare tactics and then giving ways to deal w/ issues

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13
Q

what factors determine if a fear appeal works

A
  • liklihood of being exposed to threat
  • seriousness of threat
  • effectiveness or recommendation
  • personal efficacy: perceived ability to perform action
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14
Q

what is selective exposure

A

ppl tend to watch, listen, and remember media messages that are consistent w/ their attitudes

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15
Q

what is cradle to grave marketing

A

children develop loyalties to particular brands at early age and it stays with them for life

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16
Q

what makes an ad deceptive

A

if it contains statement or omits that:

  • misleading consumers
  • is “material”, important to consumer’s decision to buy
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17
Q

what are some regulations placed for children on tv

A
  • regulate on “broadcast” tv
  • internet bypasses all regs
  • restriction on time for ads
  • regulate separation between programs & commercial
  • self-regulatory policies (disclaimers)
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18
Q

what are childrens comprehension on ads

A
  • do not comprehend selling intent of ads
  • no recognition of bias, believe truth & trust
  • do not understand disclaimers
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19
Q

what does research say about heavy exposure to tv food ads, what are they associated with?

A
  • nutritional misperceptions: unhealthy items seen as nutritious
  • eating habits are formed during childhood and go until adult
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20
Q

what are the 2 components of emotion

A
  • physiological - increased heart rate, breathing

- cognitive - we think bout feelins & make attributions

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21
Q

what are vicarious emotional experiences

A

-we exp. emotion thru someone elses experience

22
Q

how can the context of fear determine our emotions

A
  • watch horror alone = fear

- watch horror w/ group = humor

23
Q

what is stimulus generalization

A

stimuli that evoke fear reactions spread to other related events

24
Q

what is direct simulation

A

fear that centers in the brain

25
Q

what is fear an emotional response to?

A

avoidance/escape

26
Q

when does anxiety reduce the horror effect

A
  • only w/ mild fear

- danger can be effectively counteracted

27
Q

what are the two mechanisms that produce an indirect response of fear

A
  • empathy: identification w/ character
  • vicarious involvement: fear of audience in situations where characters are unafraid cuz they are unaware of impending danger
28
Q

what are some developmental differences of fear for different age groups

A
  • 3-8yrs- monsters, ghost, supernatural, etc.
  • 9-12yrs- threats of injury/danger to self/loved ones
  • 12+- personal injury, social/peer pressures and accompanying fears & global fears
29
Q

what are the reasons for perceptual differences in children and fear

A
  • perceptual dependence
  • reality vs. fantasy
  • abstract threats
30
Q

what are some strategies for coping with fear

A
  • noncognitive

- cognitive

31
Q

what is the noncognitive strategy for coping with fear

A
  • not require viewer to process verbal info.
  • visual desensitization
  • physical activity
32
Q

what is the cognitive stategy for coping with fear

A
  • require activation of cognitive process
  • children told to remember prog. not real
  • offer reassuring info bout min danger of any threats in media
33
Q

what is visual desensitization when coping with fear

A

gradual exposure to threatening images in nonthreatening context

34
Q

what is perception

A

how we select, organize, and interpret the info

35
Q

how do we perceive the physical world

A
  • we do not perceive the world as random collection of sensory info.
  • active process that imposes order and meaning
    • attention
    • organization
    • interpretation
36
Q

what is the active process that imposes order and meaning in our lives

A
  • attention
  • organization
  • interpretation
37
Q

how do we understand humans and their behavior

A
  • we try to simplify complex info we perceive

- our biases lead to errors in our conclusions

38
Q

what are stereotypes

A
  • beliefs that all members of a grp share the same set of characteristics, attitudes, or life conditions.
  • relatively stable and hard to change
  • learn from media
39
Q

when is social learning the strongest

A

when:

  • we watch lots of media
  • believe the content is real
  • few other alt sources of info
40
Q

what is the cultivation theory in media

A

conception of world reflected what is seen on tv

41
Q

what are 4 stages of minority portrayals

A
  • non-recognition - do not exist
  • ridicule - minority member is stereotypes
  • regulation - appear as protectors of existing order
  • respect - same roles as majority
42
Q

what are self schemas

A

mental representations of one’s “own personality attributes, social roles, past exp, future goals, and the like.
-our “self-concept”

43
Q

what does research suggest about media exposure to adolescent girls and their self schemas

A

lead to negative self-schemas in regard to body image and future aspirations

44
Q

what are some effects of exposure to stereotypes in media

A
  • estimations
  • stereotypes judgments
  • reinforcement of pre-existing stereotypes
  • effects on self-esteem
  • influences on professional, career, and life choices
45
Q

what is the relationship between obesity and media

A
  • displacement of more active pursuits

- increased energy intake - more snacking, soft drinks, eating more fast food

46
Q

explain how body image is related to media

A
  • today young girls try to attain body shapes dictated by media norms
  • extreme vulnerability
47
Q

What does the AAP say about media on sleep habits

A

-tv and other media known to displace/disturb young sleep patterns

48
Q

what are some determinants of drug and alcohol use

A
  • peers (peer pressure)
  • family
  • personality (risk takers)
  • media (super peers)
49
Q

what does exposure to smoking do for teens

A

increase teens positive views of smoking and perception that most adults smoke

50
Q

what does exposure to alcohol do for teens

A
  • adolescents exposed to alcohol ads are more likely to:
  • believe drinkers possess qualities displayed
  • more positive beliefs on drinking
  • drunk = acceptable
51
Q

what are some solutions from strausburger to aid in fighting against media and alcohol and drug use

A
  • development of literacy programs
  • ban on cig ads and restrict alcohol ads
  • more aggressive counter ads
  • increased sensitivity on part of entertainment industry to the health issue
  • reassessment of the DD campain
  • revision of rating system for both tv/movies

Media Effects Comm 309 (5 decks)

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