Memory

Question 0

Bower et al

Answer 0

1969, gave participants 112 words to remember, if the words were organised they were 2/3 more likely to remember them.

Question 1

Bekerain and Dennet

Answer 1

1993, reviewed 27 studies and found that cognitive yields more accurate results

Question 2

What are the 4 components of the cognitive interview? And what are they drawing on?

Answer 2

Recall everything
Reinstate the context
These two create consistency between the event and recall.
Change in perspective
Reorder the events
These two use alternate routes of memory.

Question 3

Name the verbal mnemonics

Answer 3

Acronyms- 1st letter is the same
Acrostics- poem or sentence, first line or word begins with the same letter
Rhyme- words with Rhythm & identity
Chunking- (miller 1956) grouping info in small chunks

Question 4

What is encoding?

Answer 4

The way in which sensory Info is processed in order for the system to cope with it.

Question 5

What is storage?

Answer 5

The way in which memories are kept, the way in which it’s stored will effect the way it’s retrieved and how long/much can be stored.

Question 6

Short term memory stats?

Answer 6

Encoding- acoustic
Duration- 18-20s (Peterson & Peterson 1959)
Capacity- 7+/-2 items (Jacobs 1887)

Question 7

Long term memory stats?

Answer 7

Encoding- semantic (baddley 1966)
Capacity- unlimited
Duration- lifelong

Question 8

Sensory memory stats?

Answer 8

Encoding- sensory specific
Duration- 1/4 to 1/2 second
Capacity- all sensory experience

Question 9

What are the 3 types of memory?

Answer 9

Episodic- long term, recollection of events, experiences etc.
Procedural- long term, how to walk, talk etc.
Sensory memory- short term, everything we are currently aware of.

Question 10

Describe retrieval in terms of short term and long term memory.

Answer 10

Short: sequentially, if it’s a list then you will remember it in order so when you are asked for a particular item you will go through the list in order to remember it.
Long: through associations.

Question 11

What year was the phonological loop divided in two?

Answer 11

1986

Question 12

Miyake et al

Answer 12

2000, they found the two functions of the central executive.
Inhibition- being able to focus on one of many things
Switching attention- being able to move from one task to another

They also found dysexecutive syndrome, where damage the to the ce leads to the inability to plan, concentrate or organise.

Question 13

What is eye witness testimony?

Answer 13

The recollection of an event or incident from somewhere who was there at the time.

Question 14

Loftus and palmer: misleading info

Answer 14

1975, 45 participants were shown 7 films of car accidents and then were given a questionnaire. They were asked what happened and more importantly a speed question, how fast were the cars going when they___ eachother?
Each group got a different verb, hit, smashed, collided, bumped and contacted. They found that the verb used affected the estimated speed so proved that questioning greatly affects the answer given.
Smashed= 41mph
Hit= 34mph
Contacted= 32mph

Question 15

Loftus and Zanni

Answer 15

1975, wanted to show that the use of definite articles affects results.
Did you see THE broken glass? OR
Did you see ANY broken glass?
There wasn’t but those who were asked THE were more likely to see yes.

Question 16

Loftus and palmer: post event info

Answer 16

1974, wanted to show that post event info can alter the way that material is stored (false memories)
Group of participants watched two films of car accidents and like the previous experiment the verbs used were different for each group (smashed, hit and no speed questions for group 3/ control) they were brought back a week later and had to answer some questions.
Did you see any glass? Those who were tolls the cars smashed into each other said yes more than the other 2 because they assumed that the cars were going faster.

Question 17

What year was the episodic buffer added?

Answer 17

2000

Question 18

Visual mnemonics?

Answer 18

Loci- associating the material with places and objects (making sure they are in the correct order)
Keywords- Atkinson and Raugh (1975) associating words with visual images
Mind maps- Central idea with components radiating outwards in a branching pattern, each one is visually different as opposed to linear notes.

Question 19

Dual coding hypothesis

Answer 19

1971, Paivio
Proposed that images and sounds are processed differently because he worked with patients that had damage to their frontal lobe and couldn’t process images, he believed that if we remember things both visually and acoustically then there is a better chance that you will remember them (phonological loop)

Question 20

Role of elaboration

Answer 20

Research shows that elaborated memories last the longest, mnemonics force us to elaborate (mind maps) so they improve our recall because rehearsal is vital but the nature of that rehearsal is even more important.

Question 21

Evaluation of visual mnemonics

Answer 21

O’harra 2007, loci improves long term memory in older adults

Atkinson 1975, taught Russian students how to use their keyword technique and found that they were better at learning the vocab than those who weren’t trained.

Question 22

Evaluation of verbal mnemonics

Answer 22

Grunenburg 1973, psychology students were surveyed and 30% used mnemonics (acronyms and acrostics were most popular)

Glidden et al 1983, found that they were great for teaching kids with learning difficulties

Question 23

Role of organisation

Answer 23

Idea that if it’s tidy then it’s easier to find. Organisation creates links and associations which is how memory works. Normally new info will go through a self organising process and will be associated with the most fitting piece of info ( this takes ages)
Mnemonics speeds this up by making active links between the info and memory hooks (artificial constructs that are created for that purpose).

Question 24

Study that supports the role of organisation.

Answer 24

Bower et al 1969, gave participants 112 words to remember, if they were organised it was more likely that they would remember them.

Question 25

Brandimote et al

Answer 25

Showed that we do use visual encoding, participants were asked to complete a visual task and verbal rehearsal was prevented (by saying la la la)because we normally would translate visual images into verbal codes.
Results were participants remembered because they used visual codes.

Question 26

What is chunking?

Answer 26

Miller proposed that the capacity of STM can be enhanced by grouping sets of digits or letters into meaningful units of chunks.

Question 27

Word length effect.

Answer 27

The observation that people remember lists of short words better than lists of long words.

Question 28

What is eye witness testimony?

Answer 28

Evidence provided in court by a person who witness a crime with a view to identifying the perpetrator of the crime, the accuracy may be affected during initial encoding.

Question 29

Anxiety

Answer 29

Unpleasant emotional state where we fear that something bad is about to happen. People often become anxious when they are on stressful situation and this anxiety tends to be accompanied by physiology arousal.