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Biology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic route a reflex takes through the nervous system?

A

stimulus —> receptor (sense organs) —> coordination (nervous system) —> effector (muscles/glands) —> response

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2
Q

if the stimulus is light what is the receptor?

A

eye

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3
Q

if the stimulous is sound or balance, what is the receptor?

A

ear

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4
Q

if the stimulus is smell, what is the receptor?

A

nose

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5
Q

if the stimulus is taste, what is the receptor?

A

tongue

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6
Q

if the stimulus is touch, pain, temperature or pressure, what is the receptor?

A

skin

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7
Q

what are the sense organs (receptors)

A

eyes

ears

nears

tongue

skin

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8
Q

what is in the central nervous system?

A

brain

spinal cord

(optic nerve)

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9
Q

what is in the peripheral nervous system?

A

nerves outside the CNS

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10
Q

what are the effectors?

A

muscle

glands

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11
Q

effector

A

an organ (muscle or gland) that brings about a response

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12
Q

nervous system

A

the vast network of nerves in the body

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13
Q

receptor cell

A

a cell that senses a stimulus and transmits the message along

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14
Q

stimulus

A

a detectable change in the environment

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15
Q

response

A

a change brought about following a stimulus

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16
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the part of the nervous system that includes the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord

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17
Q

sense organ

A

a specialised organ with clusters of receptor cells that sense a change in the environment

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18
Q

brain

A

the control centre of the CNS

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19
Q

spinal cord

A

a bundle of nerves enclosed in the spine that connects neraly all parts of the body to the brain

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20
Q

reflex

A

involuntary and almost immediate response to a stimulus

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21
Q

neurone

A

(nerve cells)

specialised cells which transmits information through nerve impulses

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22
Q

nerve

A

(nerve cell = a single neuron)

a bundle of several neurones

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23
Q

nerve impulses

A

electrical sugnal (current) that travels along a neurone

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24
Q

where is the motor neurone

A

in the peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

where is the sensory neurone

A

in the peripheral nervous system

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26
Q

where is the relay neurone

A

in the central nervous system

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27
Q

label this motor neurone diagram

A
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28
Q

label this sensory neurone diagram

A
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29
Q

label this relay neurone diagram

A
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30
Q

which neurone is this

A

sensory neurone

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31
Q

which neurone is this

A

relay neurone

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32
Q

which neurone is this

A

motor neurone

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33
Q

cell body

A

the oart of the neurone which contains the nucleus

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34
Q

dentrites

A

extensiones at which nerve impulses are recieved from other cells at synapses and transmitted to the cell body

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35
Q

axon

A

extension which carried nerve impulses to other neurone or effector organ (muscle or gland)

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36
Q

myelin sheath

A

faty sheath which insulates the axon (preventing short-circuits of electrical impulses) and speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses; made of Shwann cells

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37
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway through the nervous system that a reflex takes

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38
Q

what is the order of the reflex arc

A

stimulus —> receptor —> sensory neurone —> relay neurone (CNS) —> motor neurone —> effector —> response

sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone = coordination

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39
Q

label this reflex arc diagram

A
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40
Q

label this spinal cord diagram

A
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41
Q

what is the spinal cord made up of

A

long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves

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42
Q

what is the spinal cord enclosed by

A

vetebral column

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43
Q

the spinal cord is an extension of …. from the ….

A

the spinal cord is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) from the **brain **

44
Q

how quickly does the transmitting of the nerve impulses happen?

A

can happn in 1/30 of a second

45
Q

reflexes are … responses, i.e. you don’t need to … about them

generally, the brain is not … in coordinating a reflex

exception: the brain is actively … where the … is located in the … rather than the spinal cord (e.g. …)

the brain is … about a stimulus/reflec happening (e.g. … reflex after touching a hot plate, the brain is informed about the … this causes)

the brain can decide to … a reflex (e.g. you can prevent a … reflex when touching a hot plate, if you don’t want to … it)

A

reflexes are unconscious/involuntary responses, i.e. you don’t need to think about them

generally, the brain is not involved in coordinating a reflex

exception: the brain is actively involved where the relay neurone is located in the **brain rather than the spinal cord (e.g. pupil reflex**)

the brain is informed about a stimulus/reflec happening (e.g. withdrawl reflex after touching a hot plate, the brain is informed about the painthis causes)

the brain can decide to override a reflex (e.g. you can prevent a withdrawl reflex when touching a hot plate, if you don’t want to **drop **it)

46
Q

do you have beter or worse balance when your eyes are open?

A

better

47
Q

when your centre of balance is titled do your muscle reflexes act slower or faster

A

faster

48
Q

name two mai parts of the central nervous system

A

spinal cord

brain

49
Q

describe how information from receptors in the nervous system is passed to the CNS

A

the receptors in the sense organs transmit a signal to the muscle via nerve impulses through the sensory neurone to the relay neurone in the central nervous sysetm

50
Q

which organ controls the nervous system?

A

the brain

51
Q

what are some examples of a reflex action

A

snatching your hand form a hot object

knee-knock

blinking

coughing

52
Q

label this reflex arc diagram

A
53
Q

give three receptors which a mouse might use to detect food under natural conditions

A

see the food with eyeys

touch with mouse paws

smell with nose

54
Q

describe how a mouse respons to a dropped pen

A

the mouse hears the pen drop (stimulus)

the dendrites in the sensory neurones in the peripheral nervous system are activated by the receptor cells and transmit a signal through the dendron and axon (along with myelin sheath)

this nerve impulse gets transmitted ino the central nervous sysem and intor the relay neurones and through the motor neurone

this activated the mouse’s muscles which moves and the repsonse is to run away

this is called the reflex arc which is the pathway through the nervous system that a reflex takes

it takes 1/30 of a second

55
Q

synapses

A

tiny gap between two neurons across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

56
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chmical that passes on a sinal from one neurone to another across a synapse

57
Q

give examples of a neurotransmitter

A

amino acids

dopamine

adrenaline

58
Q

label this diagram of a nerve impulse through a synapse

A
59
Q

what is step 1 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

the nerve impulse travels along the axon to the synapse in form of an electrical signal

60
Q

what is step 2 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

the vesicles containing neurotransmitter move to the membrane

61
Q

what is step 3 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

the neurotransmitter is emptied into the space between neurone (synapse)

62
Q

what is step 4 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapses (from high to low concentration)

63
Q

what is step 5 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

the nuerotransmitter binds to the receptors on the surface of the dendrite

64
Q

what is step 6 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

binding of the neurotransmitter triggers a new nerve impulse

65
Q

what is step 7 of transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A

the nerve impulse travels from the dendrite to the axon

66
Q

How is a nerve impulse transmitted across a synapse (all the steps together)?

A

step 1: the nerve impulse travels along the axon to the synapse in form of an electrical signal

step 2: the vesicles containing neurotransmitter move to the membrane

step 3: the neurotransmitter is emptied into the space between neurone (synapse)

step 4: the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapses (from high to low concentration)

step 5: the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the surface of the dendrite

step 6: binding of the neurotransmitter triggers a new nerve impulse

step 7: the nerve impulse travels from the dendrite to the axon

67
Q

what is a disease or condition linked to a defective neurotransmitter function

A

Parkinson’s

68
Q

label this eye

A
69
Q

label this structure of the eye

A
70
Q

conjunctiva

A

= layer covering the cornea and sclera

helps to lubricate the eye

71
Q

cornea

A

= clear covering of eye

helps to refract amd focus on light

72
Q

lens

A

= transparent structure behind pupil

refracts and focuses on light

73
Q

pupils

A

= hole in centre of iris

controls amount of light entering eye

74
Q

iris

A

= pigmented tissue, sphincter

controls amount of light entering eye

75
Q

suspenory ligaments

A

= ligaments connecting ciliary muscle and lens

involved in controlling accomodation (focusing)

76
Q

ciliary muscle

A

= ring of muscle connected to lens via suspensory ligaments

controls accomodation (focusing)

77
Q

retina

A

= inner layer of eye containing rods + cone

responds to light stimulus

78
Q

optic nerve

A

= sensory nerve (part of CNS)

carries nerve impulses from retina to brain

79
Q

in the pupil reflex, which is the:

receptor

sensory nerve

effector

A

receptor = retina

sensory nerve = optic nerve

effector = muscles in the iris

80
Q

label this diagram of an eye

A
81
Q

what happens to the pupil reflex in dim light

A

radial muscles contract

circular muscles constrict

pupil dilates

82
Q

what happens to the pupil reflex in bright light?

A

radial muscles relax

circular muscles contract

pupil constricts

83
Q

in the dark a … action occurs: the … gets larger so that more …can enter the eye and you can see

the oppotite happens in bright light: the … gets smaller and this stops too much … entering the eye and … it

the changes in the … are controlled by muscles in the …

when the pupil contracts (in … light), the … muscles contracted and the … muscles are relaxed

when the pupil dilates (in … light), the … muscles are contracted and the … muscles are relaxed

A

in the dark a reflex action occurs: the pupils gets larger so that more light can enter the eye and you can see

the oppotite happens in bright light: the pupils gets smaller and this stops too much light entering the eye and damaging it

the changes in the pupil are controlled by muscles in the iris

when the pupil contracts (in bright light), the circular muscles contracted and the radial muscles are relaxed

when the pupil dilates (in dim light), the radial muscles are contracted and the circular muscles are relaxed

84
Q

label this struture of the retina diagram

A
85
Q

what are the two photoreceptors?

A

rods

cones

86
Q

what are rods sensitive to?

A

dim light vision

87
Q

what are cones sensitive to?

A

colour vision: blue, red, green

88
Q

what is monochromacy

A

total colour blindness

89
Q

what is anomalous trichomacy

A

red-green blindness

90
Q

what is night blindness

A

when rods don’t respond to light

91
Q

our retinas our covered with light sensitive cells called … and …

the … detect the intensity of light and allows us to see if things are bright or dark

the … detect colour. when there is little light, the … do not work so we find it difficult to tell what … things are

there are … types of cone cells in the retina

each type is sensitive to a different colour of light: …, … or …

A

our retinas our covered with light sensitive cells called rods and cones

the rods detect the intensity of light and allows us to see if things are bright or dark

the cones detect colour. when there is little light, the cones do not work so we find it difficult to tell what … things are

there are three types of cone cells in the retina

each type is sensitive to a different colour of light: red , blue, or green

92
Q

accommodation

A

the reflex that makes the eye focus on an object by changing he shape on its lens

93
Q

light reflected from an object is … (bent) by the … and the … forming an upside down image on the …

the … interprets this image so that it appears upright to us

the lens … is adjustable and so can bend light more or less, thus allowing the eye to … on an object at different distances

A

light reflected from an object is refracted (bent) by the cornea and the lens forming an upside down image on the retina

the brain interprets this image so that it appears upright to us

the lens shape is adjustable and so can bend light more or less, thus allowing the eye to focus on an object at different distances

94
Q

describe how nearby objects appear when focusing on a distant object and why

A

light rays from a nearby object come into the eye at an angle

if they are not refrcted enough the object will look blurry

95
Q

describe how distant objects appear when focusing on a distant object and why

A

light rays from a distant object arrive at the eye nearly parallael

when the eye focuses on a distant object the lens is flatter so that the light rays retract less

96
Q

describe how nearby objects appear when focusing on a nearby object and why

A

to focus on a nearby object the lens becomes rounder (more convex) so that light rats are refracted more

97
Q

describe how distant object appear when focusing ona nearby object and why

A

the light rays from a distant object are refracted too much so that the object will look blurry

98
Q

label this mechanism of accommodation diagram for focusing on a nearby object

A
99
Q

label this mechanism of accommodation diagram for focusing on a distant object

A
100
Q

explain how a reflex arc helps withdrawla finger from a hot plate

A

a reflex arc is the pathway trhough the nervous sysetm a reflex takes

a detectable change in the environment (stimulus) is sensed by your skin, the receptor (sense organ), and this transmits a nerve impulse through the sesory neurone in the peripheral nervous system

the peripheral nervous system picks up the impulse by its dentrites and transmits the signal along the axon where it is recieved by the dendrites of the relayneurone in the CNS and trasmitted along its axon where it is recieved by the dendrites on the motor neurone in the peripheral nervous system along its axon where an arm muscle (effectro) recieves the impulse which tells us to withdra our finger from the hotplate (response)

the reflex is involuntary and almost immediate so we don’t get burnt

101
Q

give a reflex to the action that occurs in our in dim light

A

we can adjust our vision to see in dim light

102
Q

what is the name of neurone A?

A

sensory neurone

103
Q

what is the name of the microscopic gap between B and C?

A
104
Q

name X and Y on neurone C

A

X = nucleus

Y = myelin sheath

105
Q

which neurone passes impulses from a receptor to the CNS

A

sensory neurone

B

106
Q

which neurone is found only in the CNS

A

a relay neurone

A

Biology (24 decks)

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