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Biology > Plant Nutrition I > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition I Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water –(light / cholorphyll)-> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6n+ 6O2

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2
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

the chemical found inside chloroplasts which allows plants to absorb light

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3
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

they contain chlorophyll

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4
Q

label this chloroplasts and chlorophyll diagram

A
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5
Q

why are most plants green?

A

becasue most plants don’t absorb the colour green, they reflect it

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6
Q

during photosythesis … energy is absorbed by a pigment called … which can be found in the … of plant cells

this light energy is then used to convert … from the air to … from the soil into a simple sugar called …

as a by-product of photosnythesis … is made

A

during photosythesis **light **energy is absorbed by a pigment called chlorophyll which can be found in the chloroplasts of plant cells

this light energy is then used to convert **carbon dioxide **from the air to water from the soil into a simple sugar called glucose

as a by-product of photosnythesis oxygen is made

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7
Q

what is the test for glucose?

A

glucose made by plants is stored in plants in the form of starch which can be tested by iodine solution which turns from brown to blue/black

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8
Q

how do you test a leaf for starch?

A
  1. remove a leaf from a plant
  2. boil it in a test tube for 30 seconds
  3. boil it in ethanol to remove colour
  4. wash the now colourless leaf in cold water
  5. add iodine solution
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9
Q

how do demonstrate that carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis?

A

soda lime:

soda lime traps carbon dioxide by a chemical reaction and removes it from the air

leaves grown in the presence or absence of soda lime can then be tested for strach production using iodine

in the presence of carbon dioxide, leaves will turn blue/black when tested with iodine

lime water:

alternatively, the consumption of carbon dioxide can be tested using lime water

if photosynthesis has taken place, this will be less cloudy than when photosnythesis has not taken place

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10
Q

how do you demonstrate that light is needed for photosynthesis?

A

by covering a section of the leaf with paper, no light can get in

light needs to be absorbed by the chlorophll to convert carbon dioxide into glucose for photosynthesis

the section of the leaf covered will remain brown (iodine solution) because no starch is present because glucose has not been made

the non-covered part of the leaf will turn blue/black when tested with iodine solution

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11
Q

how do you demonstrate that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?

A

test a green area of a leaf (with chlorophyll) with iodine solution and it will turn blue/black indicating that glucose has been made

test a white area of leaf (without chlorophyll) with iodine solution and it will remain brown (iodine colour) indicating that glucose has not been made

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12
Q

how do you demonstrate that oxygen is produced in photosynthesis?

A

an underwater plant that is good at photosnythesising is placed under water and a test tube on top

the gas formed will collect at thetop of of the test tube

once full, you an test for oxygen by placing a glowing splint in the test tube

if the splint relights oxygen is present

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13
Q

what is the function of a leaf?

A

to absorb light and carry out photosynthesis (chlorophyll is needed)

to import raw materials for photosynthesis (CO2 and water)

to get rid of photosynthesis waste products (O2)

to export products from photosynthesis to parts of the plant that need them

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14
Q

label this leaf structure

A
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15
Q

label this leaf cross section diagram

A
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16
Q

what is the function of the waxy cuticle?

A

waterproof

reduces water loss

reduced infection by fungi

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17
Q

what is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

protection

no chloroplasts

absorbs harmful light but allows light for PS to pass through

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18
Q

what is the funtion of the palisade cells?

A

tightly packed, elongated

lots of chloropasts

high rate of photosynthesis

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19
Q

what is the function of the spongy cells?

A

loosely packed with air spaces between cells

some chloroplasts

some photosnythesis

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20
Q

what is the function of the air spaces?

A

between spngy cells

provides air channels through leaf allowing gas exchange

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21
Q

what is the function of the leaf vein: xylem?

A

rigid vessels with lignin

carry water and minerals from root to stem and leaves

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22
Q

what is the function of the leaf vein: phloem?

A

vessels of thin living cells

sieve tube cells that form tubes

carry dissolved sugars around the plant to points where suar is used or stored as starch

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23
Q

what is the function of the guard cells?

A

change shape depending on amount of water inside

control opening and closing of stomata

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24
Q

what is the function of the stomata?

A

space between guard cells

control the gas exchange and water loss from leaf

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25
Q

how have leaves adapted to absorb light and carry out photosynthesis?

A

(chlorophyll is needed)

lots of chloroplasts

chlorophyll in palaside cells on top can absorb a lot of sunlight

chloroplasts on all layers absorb all the sunlight that goes through

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26
Q

how doeswater enter the stomata?

A

by osmosis

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27
Q

when there is light and CO2, does the stomata open or close? how doe sit do this?

A

opens

guard cells are turgid (filled with water)

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28
Q

when it is dark, there is a drought or it is cold, does the stomata open or close? why?

A

close

guard cells are flaccid (not filled with water)

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29
Q

how do you carry out a stomata peel observation?

A
  1. apply nail vanish to bottom of leaf
  2. leave for a few minutes
  3. put cellotape over nail varnished area
  4. gently peel off cellotaoe
  5. stick cellotape on glass slide

. observe under microscope

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30
Q

what are the uses of glucose?

A

photosynthesis:

CO2+ H2O —> O2 + glucose

respiration:

glucose + O2 —> CO2 + H2O

energy release

sucrose:

nectar

transport of sugar in phloem

lipids:

in cell membrane

energy storage in seeds

starch:

carbohdydrates

energy storage

cellulose:

cell wall

DNA:

genetic material

amino acids

proteins

nucleotides

chlorophyll

31
Q

what is the main point of respiration?

A

to provide energy

32
Q

what is sucrose?

A

a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose

33
Q

how is sucrose transported through the plant?

A

it dissolves in water and is transported through the phloem

34
Q

where is sucrose transported to and for what purpose?

A

all parts of the plant that don’t photosynthesis

can be used for respiration, storage and synthesis of other substances

is the main element of nectar which is ussed to attract pollinating animals

35
Q

what is starch?

A

glucose that is not needed for respiration

36
Q

where is starch stored?

A

starch grains in cells of their stems or roots or special organs (tuber)

37
Q

why do cells convert glucose into starch?

A

so it doesn’t alter the osmotic potential in cells

38
Q

what are lipids needed for?

A

building up a cell membrane

39
Q

why are lipids good for long-term energy storage in seeds?

A

they have a higher energy content than starch

40
Q

what is cellulose?

A

a polymer made up of 1000s of glucose molecules

41
Q

what is cellulose used for?

A

it forms microfibrils which are very strong and used for structural support in the plant cell wall

42
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

43
Q

what are some proteins used for?

A

to form enzymes or structural components of the cell

44
Q

where does nitorgen come from for building amino acids?

A

it is absorbed as nitrate from the soil by the roots of the plant

45
Q

what are nucleotides made of?

A

glucose, nitrogen, phosphous

46
Q

why is DNA important?

A

there is no life without DNA

DNA defines nearly all characteristics

47
Q

what material is needed to synthesis chlorophyll?

A

magnesium

48
Q

why is chlorophyll important?

A

allows plants to absorb light

chlorophyll and light are needed for photosynthesis

49
Q

what is glucose’s use and elements?

A

substrate for respiration

C, H, O

50
Q

what is sucrose’s use and elements?

A

main sugar carried in phloem

also in nectar

C, H, O

51
Q

what is chlorophyll’s use and elements?

A

absorption of life in photosynthesis

C, H, O, Mg

52
Q

what are lipid’s use and elements?

A

components of cell membranes

long term energy storage (seeds)

C, H, O

53
Q

what is starch’s use and elements?

A

storgae of carbohydrates

C, H, O

54
Q

what is cellulose’s use and elements?

A

component of cell walls

C, H, O

55
Q

what are nuecleotide’s use and elements?

A

components of DNA

C, H, O, N, P

56
Q

what are amino acid’s use and elements?

A

components of proteins

C, H, O, N

57
Q

if plants recieve full nutirents what will their growth be like?

A

normal

58
Q

what is nitrate used for in plants and what happens if a plant lack nitrate?

A

is needed for making amino acids (these contain elements H, C, O and N)

plants eed amino acids to make protein which is required for plant gworth

if a plant lack nitrate then growth is stunted and the plant might have yellow leaves

59
Q

what is magnesium used for in plants and what happens if a plant lack magnesium?

A

is needed for making chlorophyll - this plays an important part in trapping the light energy during photosynthesis

the colour of this pigment is yellowif a plant lacks magnesium then it will have yellow leaves

60
Q

how are soil minerals controlled and why are they controlled?

A

adding inorganic fertiliser or manure to soil

extra minearls increase growth rate

61
Q

how is soil struture controlled and why is it controlled?

A

ploughing fields to break up compact soil

allows better uptake of minerals and water

62
Q

how is soil pH controlled and why is it controlled?

A

adding lime to acidic soil

low pH can reduce uptake of minerals

63
Q

how is water controlled and why is it controlled?

A

watering

required for photosyntheiss

64
Q

how is carbon dioxide controlled and why is it controlled?

required for photosynthesis

A

greenhouse (e.g. burning fossil fuels)

required for photosynthesis

65
Q

how is heat controlled and why is it controlled?

A

greenhuse (e.g. burning fossil fuels)

required for photosynthesis

66
Q

how is carbon dioxide controlled and why is it controlled?

A

greenhouse (e.g. artificial lightning)

required for photosynthesis

67
Q

what features are controled when improving crop yield?

A

soil minerals

soil mixture

soil pH

water

carbon dioxide

heat

light

68
Q

what is tropism?

A

the growth response of a plant to a directional stimulus

69
Q

stimulus = light

what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

A

name of response: phototropism

repsonse of shoots: grow towards the light source (positive phototropism)

repsonse of roots: mostly none or negative phototropism

70
Q

stimulus: gravity

what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

A

name of response: geotropism
repsonse of shoots: grow away from direction of gravity (negative geotropism)

repsonse of roots: grow towards direction of gravity (positive geotropism)

71
Q

stimulus: water

what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

A

name of response: hydroptropism
repsonse of shoots: none

repsonse of roots: some grow towards direction of water (positibe hydrotropism)

72
Q

stimulus: touch of an object/support

what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

A

name of response: thigmotropism
repsonse of shoots: some grow towards and bend around support (positive thigmotropism)
repsonse of roots: grow away from object (Negative thigmotropism

73
Q

what is an auxin?

A

a hormone (plant growth substance) that is responsible for tropism

prodcued in the tip of the shoot

74
Q

auxin diffused from the … of the …

it is destroyed by …

accumulates on the … side

causes cell … which leads to … the shoot toward the light

A

auxin diffused from the tip of the shoot

it is destroyed by light

accumulates on the shady side

causes cell elongation which leads to bending the shoot toward the light

Biology (24 decks)

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