Chapter 13 (Vocabulary)

Question 1

A rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hand and feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty.

Answer 1

acromegaly

Question 2

An abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty.

Answer 2

gigantism

Question 3

The excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism.

Answer 3

hyperpituitarism

Question 4

Formerly known as dwarfism, is sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone.

Answer 4

short stature

Question 5

There are two type of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland. Functioning pituitary tumors - often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts. Non-functioning pituitary tumors do not produce any significant amounts of these hormones.

Answer 5

pituitary adenoma, aka pituitary tumor

Question 6

A condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously.

Answer 6

galactorrhea

Question 7

A benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin, which can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men, and can impair vision.

Answer 7

prolactinoma

Question 8

Is caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone. *see notes pg. 3/19

Answer 8

diabetes insipidus

Question 9

Caused by the overproduction of the anti-diuretic hormone ADH. This is often as a result of cancer or its treatment. High amts. of ADH keep the kidneys from excreting water, resulting in bloating and water retention that can dilute the blood, causing electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia.

Answer 9

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Question 10

Is a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin. This tumor can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle.

Answer 10

pinealoma

Question 11

The most common cancer of the endocrine system. This cancer affects more women than men and usually occurs btw the ages 25-65 years.

Answer 11

thyroid carcinoma

Question 12

Aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. This inflammation often leads to hypothyroidism.

Answer 12

Hashimoto’s disease [Memory aid > “o” in Hashimoto’s and hypo]

Question 13

Aka underactive thyroid, is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and a decreased metabolic rate.

Answer 13

hypothyroidism

Question 14

Is a congenital form of hypothyroidism. If treatment is not started soon after birth, this causes arrested physical and mental development.

Answer 14

cretinism

Question 15

Aka adult hypothyroidism, is causes by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and a subnormal temperature.

Answer 15

myxedema

Question 16

Are lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause goiter (see Graves disease). Most nodules are benign; however some are malignant or produce too much thyroxine.

Answer 16

thyroid nodules

Question 17

Aka thyrotoxic crisis, is a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue.

Answer 17

thyroid storm

Question 18

Aka thyrotoxicosis, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of the metabolism. This causes symptoms including an increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss.

Answer 18

hyperthyroidism [Most common cause is Grave’s disease.]

Question 19

A disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone (autoimmune disorder). This results in hyperthyroidism and can also cause a goiter, exophthalmos, or both.

Answer 19

Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism) [Memory aid > “e” in Grave’s and in hyper]

Question 20

Aka thyromegaly, is an abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement produces a swelling in the front of the neck. Usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s need, either due to Grave’s disease, other medical conditions, or an iodine deficiency.

Answer 20

goiter

Question 21

An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit.

Answer 21

exophthalmos

Question 22

The overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia. This can result from a disorder of the parathyroid gland or from a disorder elsewhere in the body, such as kidney failure.

Answer 22

hyperparathyroidism

Question 23

Is characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth. This can lead to weakened bones and the formation of kidney stones.

Answer 23

hypercalcemia

Question 24

Is caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone. This condition causes hypocalcemia, and in severe cases, it leads to tetany. Tetany is the condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors.

Answer 24

hypoparathyroidism

Question 25

Characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood.

Answer 25

hypocalcemia

Question 26

Inflammation of the thymus gland.

Answer 26

thymitis

Question 27

A benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin.

Answer 27

insulinoma

Question 28

Is an inflammation of the pancreas. A leading causes is long-term alcohol abuse.

Answer 28

pancreatitis

Question 29

An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood. Seen primarily in patients with diabetes mellitus. The symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria.

Answer 29

hyperglycemia

Question 30

> An excessive thirst.
Excessive hunger.
Excessive urination.

Answer 30

> polydipsia
polyphagia
polyuria

Question 31

The condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream.

Answer 31

hyperinsulinism

Question 32

Is an abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Symptoms include nervousness and shakiness, confusion, perspiration, or feeling anxious or weak.

Answer 32

hypoglycemia

Question 33

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is not related to diabetes insipidus. * see notes page 8/19

Answer 33

diabetes mellitus [described as Type 1 and Type 2 and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults]

Question 34

An autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. Insulin deficiency means that the pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin. Onset of type 1 diabetes is often triggered by a viral infections.

Answer 34

Type 1 diabetes [symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue and slow healing. Treated with diet & exercise as well as carefully regulated insulin replacement therapy administered by injection or pump.

Question 35

Is an insulin resistance disorder. Insulin resistance means that insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively. In an attempt to compensate for this lack of response, the body secretes more insulin. *see notes page 10/19

Answer 35

Type 2 diabetes [With the rise of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes is increasingly common in children and young adults. Obese adults are also at high risk for this condition.

Question 36

Is a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. However, this condition indicates risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

Answer 36

prediabetes

Question 37

Aka Type 1.5 diabetes, is a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults. It shares many of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes; however, autoimmune antibodies are present. *see notes page 10/19

Answer 37

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) [Latent means present, but not visible.]

Question 38

A form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies. This condition usually disappears after delivery; however, many of these women have an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes in later life.

Answer 38

gestational diabetes mellitus

Question 39

A type of diabetic emergency, which caused by very high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). This condition is treated by the prompt administration of insulin.

Answer 39

diabetic coma, aka diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 40

A type of diabetic emergency, which is caused by a very low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Oral glucose, which is a sugary substance that can quickly be absorbed into the bloodstream, is consumed to rapidly raise the blood sugar levels.

Answer 40

insulin shock

Question 41

Four types of diabetic complications, which most result from the damage to capillaries and other blood vessels due to long-term exposure to excessive blood sugar. *see notes page12/19

Answer 41

Heart disease
Kidney disease
Peripheral neuropathy
Slow wound healing & increase likelihood of wound infection.

Question 42

A complication of uncontrolled diabetes, this occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina. This causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball and produce the damage the loss of vision.

Answer 42

diabetic retinopathy

Question 43

Occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. This condition is characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, and weight loss.

Answer 43

Addison’s disease

Question 44

Inflammation of the adrenal glands.

Answer 44

adrenalitis

Question 45

An abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone.

Answer 45

aldosteronism

Question 46

A disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone. This disease, which is a form of primary aldosteronism, can cause weakness, cramps, and convulsions.

Answer 46

Conn’s syndrome

Question 47

A rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepi-nephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

Answer 47

pheochromocytoma

Question 48

Aka hypercortisolism, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Cortisol has an anti-inflammatory action, and it regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body. The symptoms include a rounded red “moon” face.

Answer 48

Cushing’s syndrome [This condition can be caused by overproduction of cortisol by the body or by prolonged use of corticosteroids. These steroid hormone medications are used to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis and to keep the body from rejecting transplanted organs or tissue.

Question 49

The condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

Answer 49

hypergonadism

Question 50

The condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands.

Answer 50

hypogonadism

Question 51

The condition of excessive mammary development in the male. This is caused by a decrease in testosterone.

Answer 51

gynecomastia