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Respiratory > Lung cancer > Flashcards

Lung cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Types of lung cancer

A
  1. Small cell

2. Non small-cell (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma)

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2
Q

Features of small-cell lung cancer (SCC)

  1. Percentage of lung cancers accounted for
  2. Cells of origin
  3. Cellular morphology
  4. Location of tumours
  5. Categorisation
  6. Sensitivity to chemotherapy
  7. Other sites of small-cell cancers
  8. Major risk factor
A
  1. 20%
  2. Neuroendocrine
  3. Small with large nuclei
  4. Central and nodal tumours
  5. Limited (chest) and extensive (incurable)
  6. Exquisitely sensitive (but high recurrence rate)
  7. Ileum and appendix
  8. Smoking is most strongly associated with small-cell
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3
Q

Features of adenocarcinoma

  1. Percentage of lung cancers accounted for
  2. Location of tumours
  3. Population affected
A
  1. 40%
  2. Peripheral lung
  3. Non-smokers
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4
Q

Features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCLC)

  1. Percentage of lung cancers accounted for
  2. Location of tumours
A
  1. 30%

2. Large airways

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5
Q

Risk factors for lung cancer

A
  1. Smoking/marijuana/second-hand smoke
  2. Genetics (8%)
  3. Environment (radon gas, asbestos, pollution, radiation)
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6
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer (7)

A

10% asymptomatic at diagnosis.

  1. Cough, haemoptysis (obstruction, obstructive pneumonia)
  2. Wheeze, stridor (obstruction)
  3. Dyspnoea (obstruction, phrenic n. impingement, pleural effusion)
  4. Chest pain (invasion of chest wall or rib)
  5. Hoarse voice (left recurrent laryngeal n. impingement)
  6. Fever, fatigue, weight loss
  7. Ulnar neuropathy/Horner’s syndrome (Pancoast tumour compressing T1 nerve root and sympathetics)
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7
Q

Signs of lung cancer (3)

A

May be none.

  1. Pemberton’s sign (SVC obstruction)
  2. Clubbing + HPO
  3. Other paraneoplastic features: hyponatraemia, Cushings, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, hypercalcaemia
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8
Q

Possible signs of lung cancer on CXR (5)

A
  1. Mass
  2. Widening of mediastinum
  3. Atelectasis
  4. Consolidation
  5. Pleural effusion
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9
Q

Classification of non-small-cell lung cancers

A

TNM staging
1. Confined to lung
2. Confined to lung and N1 nodes (lobar, interlobar, hilar)
3. Confined to lung and N2 nodes (mediastinal)
A: ipsilateral
B: contralateral
4. Spread beyond N2 nodes

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10
Q

Treatment of lung cancer according to TNM staging

A

Stage 1-2 = surgery to cure
Stage 3a = surgery with chemo to cure
Stage 3b = chemo to cure
Stage 4 = palliative

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11
Q

Common sites of metastasis (7)

A
  1. Intrapulmonary
  2. Adrenal glands
  3. Brain
  4. Liver
  5. Bone
  6. Pericardium
  7. Kidneys
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12
Q

3 cancers that most often metastasise to bone

A

Prostate, renal and lung

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Respiratory (14 decks)

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