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Biology > Anatomy- The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Anatomy- The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers released to the blood by the cells of endocrine glands that regulate metabolic activities

Hormones signal target cells to perform specific chemical reactions.

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2
Q

Endocrine glands include:

Which organs help with this?

Tissues that produce hormones from within:

A

Pituitary,thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus.

Organs that help with this are: pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus.

  • Tissues that produce hormones from within: adipose cells, small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart.
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3
Q

Acid-based hormones

A

Contain a couple to many amino acids

Example: amines, thyroid hormone, peptides

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4
Q

Steroid Hormomes

A

Synthesized from cholesterol

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5
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Biologically active lipids released from nearly all cell membranes.

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6
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone action:

A
  1. Activate/deactivate enzymes
  2. stimulate mitosis/cell division
  3. stimulates synthesis of protein within the cells.
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7
Q

Endocrine System

A

A system of glands scattered throughout the body that influences the metabolic activities of cells through hormones.

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8
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Binds to a DNA-associated receptor protein which turns on transcription & translation of the associated gene.

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9
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Thermostat

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10
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Hormone release controlled by blood levels of specific ions and nutrients

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11
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

Nerve fibers simulate hormone release catecholamines.

Catecholamines are epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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12
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

Other hormones release of a hormone(released by the hypothalamus)

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13
Q

Nervous System Modulation:

A

The nervous system can override normal homeostatic mechanisms for hormonal control

For example: allow more glucose for fuel to be released during excitement

“Fight or flight” response

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14
Q

Pituitary Gland(anterior pituitary):

Growth Hormone(GH)

A

Stimulates cell division in most cells.(major targets are bone & skeletal)

IGFs - insulin-like growth factors. Mediates most of the effects of GH

Hypersecretion: can lead to gigantism- long bones develop ACROMEGALY

Hyposecretion: can lead to pituitary dwarfism

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary: 5 hormones

Name and describe

A
  1. Prolactin(PRL) - stimulates milk production by mammary glands
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- stimulates gamete production in the gonads.
  3. Leutinizint hormone(LH) - testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
  4. Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
  5. Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)- release hormones from Adriano cortex.
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16
Q

Posterior Pituitary(Neurohypophysis):

A

Receives and stores hormones from hypothalamus for later

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17
Q

Posterior Pituitary(Neurohypophysis): Oxytocin

A

Produced by the hypothalamus. Stimulates uterine contraction during childhood birth & milk ejection during nursing.

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18
Q

Posterior Pituitary(Neurohypophysis): Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

A

Produced by the hypothalamus.

Stimulates kidney tubules to retain water.

Deficiency of ADH secretion leads to diabetes

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19
Q

Hypothalamus:

List some hormones

A 
GHRH
GHIH
PRH
PIH
TRH
CRH
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20
Q

Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone

A

Amino acid hormones containing 2 tyrosine molecules each bound to iodine molecules. Regulates metabolic activities, especially glucose oxidation.

21
Q

Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine (T4)-

A

major hormone released from thyroid molecules. ContIns 4 iodine molecules .

22
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3):

A

Contains 3 iodine molecules.generally formed from T4.

23
Q

Simple goiter:

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine.

24
Q

Cretinism

A

Underdeveloped thyroid gland. May lead to mental retardation

25
Q

Myxedema:

A

Hypothyroidism in adults(weigh gain, hair loss, slow pulse

26
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Hyperthyroidism due to enlarged and overactive thyroid gland

-swelling of the eyes.

27
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produces by para-follicular cells(C cells) of thyroid gland.

-lowers blood calcium levels

28
Q

Parathyroid hormone(PTH) :

A

Praises blood calcium levels and calcium by kidneys

29
Q

Adrenal glands(Suprarenal glands)

A

Pyramids shaped glands. Look like hats above the kidneys.

30
Q

Adrenal glands: Adrenal Cortex

A

Releases corticosteroid hormones.

31
Q

Mineralocorticoids:

A

Regulate salt in extracellular fluids.

32
Q

Aldosterone

A

Primary mineralocorticoid. Enhances sodium from kidney tubules.

33
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Influence metabolism of body cells and help resist stressors.

During times of stress(injury,blood loss), glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and mobilize fat and proteins used for energy

34
Q

Anti-inflammatory agents

A

Glucocorticoids also prevent water loss from cells into tissue fluids

35
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Source of sex hormones. Primarily androgens(testosterone) and estrogen.

May cause puberty

36
Q

Addison’s disease:

A

Low level of adrenal context hormones resulting in bronzing of skin, low blood sugar.

37
Q

Cushing syndrome:

A

High level of adrenal cortex hormones resulting in high blood sugar, high blood sodium, swelling and obesity & and possible masculinization in women.

38
Q

Adrenal medulla:what does it release?

Describe functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Releases catecholamines(norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Epinephrine: stimulates heart rate and metabolism

Norepinephrine: treats low blood pressure and heart failure.

39
Q

Pancreas:

A

Releases insulin and glucagon from islets of Langerhans.

40
Q

Insulin:

A

Released by beta cells of islets; lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose storage

41
Q

Insulin deficiency may lead to ________.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM).?

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM)?

A

Diabetes mellitus.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM)- autoimmune disease where immune cells attack and destroy beta cells.

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM)- insulin receptors do not properly resolution insulin.

42
Q

Glucagon

A

Raises blood glucose levels.

Increases production of glucose in the liver.

43
Q

Ovaries produce

A

Estrogens & progesterone(responsible for female reproductive organs)

44
Q

Insulin inhibits _______.

A

Inhibits FSH during ovarian cycle

45
Q

Relaxin

A

Released during pregnancy. Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis.

46
Q

Testes produce:

A

Androgen(male sex hormone)

47
Q

Testosterone:produced by cells if testes. Is responsible for maturation of male reproductive organs.

A

produced by cells if testes. Is responsible for maturation of male reproductive organs.

48
Q

Inhibin:

A

Inhibits FSH to regulate spermatogenesis.

49
Q

Pineal gland:

A

Secretes melatonin.

Melatonin is involved in the sleep/awake cycle.

During sleep, melatonin levels increase

Biology (24 decks)

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