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BMS101 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

3 Classes of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries: Carry blood away from heart (become progressively smaller as they branch - finally result in capillaries)
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins: return blood to the heart & become progressively larger as they merge and are closer to heart
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2
Q

Blood Vessel Tunics ( 3 layers)

-vasa vasorum

A
  1. Tunica Externa (adventitia): CT that helps anchor blood vessel to organ
    Vasa Vasorum: Small network of arteries that supply blood to tunica externa
    2.Tunica media: comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle
    -sympathetic input = vasoconstriction
    -parasympathetic input = vasodilation
  2. Tunica Intima (interna): composed of an endothelium (simple squamous lining inside of arteries and veins) and a subendothelial layer of areola CT
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3
Q

Blood Vessel tunics - differences between artery and vein

A
  • Vein has thin media layer, but very thick externa
    • also has extensions of endothelial lining called valves that prevent the backflow of blood to lower parts of the body
  • Arteries: need to maintain high pressure - have v. narrow lumen (space for blood to travel) and very thick media.
  • When no blood in vein, it collapses (due to thin media)
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4
Q

Types of arteries (3)

A
  • Elastic arteries
  • Muscular arteries
  • Arterioles
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5
Q

Elastic Arteries

A
  • Largest of arteries
  • most near the heart
  • Elastic fibers present in all three tunics allows these arteries to stretch under the increased pressure generated by bloodflow from the heart
  • branch into muscular arteries

-e.g. aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotids, subclavians

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6
Q

Muscular Arteries

A
  • Medium diameter arteries
  • Possess elastic fibers in 2 concentric rings between the three tunics;
    1. Internal elastic lamina (separates tunica intima & tunica media)
    2. External elastic lamina (separates tunica media & tunica externa)
  • Have a proportionately thicker tunica media
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7
Q

Arterioles

A
  • smallest arteries
  • less than 6 cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
  • sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction (elevation of blood pressure)
  • parasympathetic innervation causes vasodilation (lowering of blood pressure)
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8
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Smallest of all blood vessels
  • Diameter only slightly larger than an erythrocyte
  • wall = only tunica intima
  • only type of blood vessel where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and cells outside of the bloodstream
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9
Q

Capillary Beds

  • metarteriole
  • thoroughfare channel
  • postcapillary venule
  • true capillaries
A
  • Formed from capillaries (10-100)
  • Fed by a metarteriole (vessel branch of arteriole) - proximal end surrounded by smooth muscles, while distal end (called thoroughfare channel) lacks smooth muscles
  • Thoroughfare channel connects to a postcapillary venule (start of vein system)
  • Branches from metarteriole that begin w/ ring of smooth muscles of their walls = true capillaries
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10
Q

Types of Capillaries (3)

A
  1. Continuous: most common type - endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining, aided by presence of tight junctions
  2. Fenestrated: endothelial cells possess small holes to allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid (i.e. glomerulus)
    • allows small molecules such as nutrients to release
  3. Sinusoid: have big gaps between endothelial cells that promotes transport of large molecules & cells to & from blood
    • In liver and some lymphatic tissues & spleen
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11
Q

Veins - what they do, function

-pressure compared to arteries

A
  • blood vessels that drain capillaries & return blood back to heart
  • Pressure in veins much lower than in arteries
  • at rest, holds about 60% of body’s blood
  • function as blood reservoirs
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12
Q

Veins -size

  • small, medium & large
  • valves
  • skeletal muscles’ role
A
  • larger than venules
  • smaller & medium sized travels w/ muscular arteries
  • large veins travel w/ elastic arteries
  • possess valves b/c blood pressure in veins too low to overcome force of gravity
    • formed from tunica intima (prevent blood from pooling in limbs)
  • skeletal muscles assist - as they contract, also pump blood towards heart (SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP)
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13
Q

Venules - what they are

  • where located
  • Diapedesis
A
  • smallest veins
  • smallest ones located at distal end of capillary bed & called postcapillary venules
  • Diapedesis (migration of leukocytes from bloodstream to body) occurs through walls of postcapillary venules
  • merge to form veins
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14
Q

Blood Pressure -what it is

  • Systolic vs diastolic
  • how expressed
A
  • Is the force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel
  • systolic pressure > dialostic pressure due to force of ventricle contraction
  • expressed as ratio: numerator = systolic, denominator = diastolic
    • average adult = 120/80 mmHg
  • pressure produced in ventricles of heart
  • pressure decreases as go further through network
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15
Q

Factors that affect blood pressure (5)

A
  • Increased blood volume
  • increased cardiac output
  • vasoconstriction
  • some medicines & drugs (can either increase or decrease)
  • overweight or less healthy tend to have increased blood pressure
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16
Q

General arterial flow out of the heart

  • What ascending aorta branches into (2)
  • What aortic arch branches into (3)
A

-oxygenated blood pumped out of left ventricle into ascending aorta - gives off to two branches;
1. Left coronary artery
2. Right coronary artery
Aortic arch gives three branches;
1. Brachiocephalic trunk - bifurates into right common carotid & right subclavian arteries
2. Left common carotid
3. Left subclavian artery

17
Q

General arterial flow out of the heart

  • Descending thoracic aorta
    • when name changes
  • When bifurcates (goes into 2)
A
  • Descending thoracic aorta follows aortic arch & gives off several branches to thoracic wall (pretty much touches vertebral body)
  • Called descending abdominal aorta when passes inferior & posterior to diaphragm
  • at fourth lumbar vertebra, aorta bifurcates into left & right common iliac veins
    • further divide into internal and external iliac arteries
18
Q

General venous return to heart

-Inferior & superior vena cava

A
  • Inferior vena cava returns blood to right atrium from lower limbs, pelvis & perineum & abdominal structures
  • superior vena cava formed from fusion of right & left brachiocephalic veins - drains into right atrium
19
Q

Blood flow through head and neck

-Major arteries

A
  • Left & right common carotid arteries supply most of blood
  • at superior border of thyroid cartilage, they divide into internal and external carotid arteries
20
Q

Blood flow through head and neck

-Major veins

A
  • Venous blood return through internal jugular vein or external jugular vein
    • both drain into subclavian vein & then into brachiocephalic vein
21
Q

Blood flow through cranium

A
  • Most venous blood drains through dural venous sinuses
    • these large veins formed between two layers of dura mater
      • no valves in dural venous sinus system so blood can flow in more than just one direction
22
Q

Blood flow through gastrointestinal tract

A
  • 3 unpaired arteries emerge from anterior wall of descending abdominal aorta
    • are responsible for supplying the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
      1. celiac trunk
      2. superior mesenteric artery
      3. inferior mesenteric artery
23
Q

Venous return from abdomin

  • hepatic portal vein - where it goes
    • what it is formed by (3)
A
  • hepatic portal system is a network of veins that drains blood from gastrointestinal organs and shunts the blood to the liver
  • Hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient rich blood to liver
  • formed by merging of:
    1. Inferior mesenteric vein (drains distal part of colon)
    2. Splenic vein: drains spleen, pancreas & stomach
    3. Superior mesenteric vein (drains small intestines, proximal part of colon, pancrease & stomach)
24
Q

Arterial flow through upper limb

-From subclavian to fingers

A
  • Left and right subclavian arteries supply blood to upper limbs
  • As subclavian artery passes over lateral border of first rib, called axillary artery
    • supplies shoulder and thoracic region
  • as passes inferior border of teres major muscle, name changes to brachial artery
  • in cubital fossa, brachial artery bifurates into ulnar and radial arteries
    • these arteries anastomose & form superficial & deep palmar arches in palm of hand
  • digital arteries emerge from arches
25
Q

Superficial venous drainage of upper limb

A
  • On dorsum of hand, dorsal venous network drains into basilic and cephalic veins
  • in cubital fossa, these 2 veins connected by median cubital vein - common vein used for venipuncture
26
Q

Arterial flow through lower limb

A
  • RIght and left external iliac artery supplies blood to lower limb
  • as passes inferior to inguinal ligament, name changes to femoral artery - gives off a branch called deep femoral artery
  • deep femoral artery supplies hip joint via medial and lateral circumflex arteries
  • Popliteal artery (region behind knee)
  • Have anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery and fibular artery
27
Q

Superficial venous drainage of lower limb

A
  • On dorsum of foot, dorsal venous arch drains into great saphenous vein medially and small saphenous vein laterally
  • great saphenous vein drains into femoral vein & small saphenous vein drains into popliteal vein
28
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs & returning newly oxygenated to left side of heart
  • In this circulation, arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood opposite of systemic circulation
  • deoxygenated blood exits righ ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to lungs
  • Arteries branch into arterioles, then capillaries and finally return to left atrium as pulmonary veins
29
Q

Fetal and Newborn Circulation

  • features of fetus
  • 3 things unique to fetal circulation
A
  • Lungs don’t work in fetus - get O2 from umbilical vein
  • is a hole b/w left and right atrium for blood to bypass lungs = foramen ovale (prevents developing lungs from overloading with blood)
  • Ductus arteriosus, formen ovale & ductus venosus are unique to fetal circulation
    • become ligaments once not needed
30
Q

Fetal and Newborn circulation;

What structures turn into after birth:

  • Ductus arteriosus
  • ductus venosus
  • foramen ovale
  • umbilical arteries
  • umbilical vein
A
  • Ductus arteriosus -ligamentum arteriosum
  • ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum
  • foramen ovale - fossa ovalis
  • umbilical arteries -Medial umbilical ligaments
  • umbilical vein - round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres)

BMS101 (30 decks)

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