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Genetics > Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation Flashcards

1
Q

RNA pmrs which transcribes large ribosomal RNAs (nucleolus)

A

Pol 1 (2nd step)

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2
Q

pmrs that transcribes mRNA

A

Pol 2 (3rd step)

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3
Q

pmrs that Transcribes most small RNAs, tRNAs and RNAs involved in processing primary RNA transcripts

A

Pol 3 (1st step)

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4
Q

Guanyltransferase aids in addition of 5’ methyl caps to transcript. What is the purpose of this?

A

cap used for ribosome assembly during translation initiation

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5
Q

This signal serves as recognition site for cleavage factors and poly A pmrs

A

AAUAAA

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6
Q

These DNA sites bind proteins that stabilize RNA polymerase at the promoter…

A

TATA or Goldberg-Hodness box

“caat box”

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7
Q

: interact with the promoter to facilitate binding of RNA polymerase II

A

General (basal) transcription factors

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8
Q

(TFIID) is capable of interacting with several factors that are required for the assembly of a productive transcription complex…

A

TATA binding protein

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9
Q

can influence the formation of a productive transcription complex…

A

Specific Transcription Factors (STFs)

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10
Q

STFs may bind at some distance from the promoter…_________ sequences (Fig.

A

enhancer

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11
Q

When basal factor and ______ are bound to DNA, rate of transcription increases

A

activator

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12
Q

part of primary transcript which is removed

A

intron

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13
Q

used to remove introns

A

SNRPS and the spliceosomes

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14
Q

this forms after the OH border of the intron is clipped

A

lariat formation

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15
Q

the idea that exon/intron organization may facilitate evolution of new genes…

A

Exon shuffling hypothesis

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16
Q

highly conserved proteins that are intimately associated with the DNA in chromatin

small in size
carry a large number of basic residues
complexed into a particle termed a small in size
carry a large number of basic residues
complexed into a particle termed a _____

A

histones; nucleosome

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17
Q

In calf thymus DNA, as lysine content decreases, what happens to MW?

A

it also decreases (arg increases)

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18
Q

______ required for formation of 30 nm fiber…

A

H1

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19
Q

beads on a string’ in different stages of condensation…

A

nucleosomes

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20
Q

Higher order folding:

loops of DNA are believed to associate with a _______

A

protein scaffold

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21
Q

associated with scaffold attachment regions

A

Topoisomerase 2

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22
Q

T/F: RNA polymerase appears to displace histone octamers during transcription

A

true

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23
Q

It is possible to distinguish “active” from “inactive” chromatin by susceptibility to enzyme digestion
In _____ chromatin, beta globin gene is not expressed- beta globin gene DNA LESS susceptible to DNAse digestion
In ______ chromatin, beta globin gene expressed- MORE susceptible to DNAse digestion.

A

liver

reticulocyte

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24
Q

Displacement of histones by _______ allows access to promoter

A

remodeling proteins

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25
Q

removal of histones causes ______

A

DNAse hypersensitive sites

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26
Q

For the E. coli lab operon, a separate gene locus encodes ____, which binds to the DNA near the lac promoter, interfering with RNA pmrs transcription

A

repressor protein

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27
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

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28
Q

____ gene synthesizes a protein that represses operon transcription

A

I gene (product is negative regulator)

29
Q

in the presence of lactose, repressor binds to _____, changes shape and loses affinity for operator

A

sugar

30
Q

In absence of lactose, repressor protein binds to lac DNA at a specific control region, the operator. This interaction does what?

A

prevents transcription

31
Q

B-Galactosidase fxt

A

cleaves lactose to monosaccharides

32
Q

Permease fxt

A

allows lactose to enter cell

33
Q

Transacetylase fxt

A

unclear

34
Q

In presence of lactose, Repressor dissociates from the operator site, allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon… enzyme synthesis is induced by ?

A

lactose

35
Q

“Gratuitous” Inducer…will induce operon, but not be metabolized by beta galactosidase
What molecule?

A

IPTG

36
Q

T/F: In absence of inducer (lactose analog for induction), repressor occupies operator, preventing transcription (binds to DNA)

A

True

37
Q

In presence of inducer (lactose analog) _____ is transcribed, due to interaction of inducer with repressor (repressor no longer binds to DNA)

A

promoter

38
Q

mechanism of induction was established by ______

A

mutational analysis

39
Q

Operon is transcribed in absence of inducer…constitutive expression in the absence of lactose- always on….
When does this happen?

A

When there is no active repressor protein (I- mutation)

40
Q

Oc mutation (in operator region) shows _______ expression b/c Oc mutatnt can’t bind repressor and will express downstream genes even in absence of inducer

A

constitutive expression

41
Q

Genetic Analysis of mutants in ______ permitted characterization of roles of operator and repressor

A

merodiploids

42
Q

I- has ______ phenotype relative to functional gene…I gene makes a diffusible product that acts in trans….

A

recessive

43
Q

Oc mutant can’t bind repressor and is ____ dominant: will always express even in absence of inducer, but only those genes to which it is ______ to the mutant operator will be expressed….

A

cis; physically linked

44
Q

____ acts in cis, consistent with it being a DNA binding site…

A

operator

45
Q

______ acts in trans, consistent with it being a diffusible substance (protein)

A

repressor

46
Q

T/F: I^s has a dominant phenotype; will occupy a wild type operator and not be removed by inducer

A

true

47
Q

T/F: In the presence of glucose, lac operon is not transcribed

A

true

48
Q

T/F: The ratio of ATP to cAMP in the cell is used to evaluate its metabolic status
During high levels of ATP, cAMP levels are elevated

A

false: Under low levels of ATP, cAMP levels are elevated

49
Q

_____ is required as a positive activator of the lac operon…

A

cAMP

50
Q

T/F: cAMP is required for CAP (catabolite activator protein) to bind to DNA

A

true (positive control)

51
Q

When glucose is present, cAMP levels are ____

A

low, CAP can’t bind..very little lac mRNA

52
Q

when no glucose is present, cAMP is ____

A

high; cAMP/CAP complex form, abundant lab mRNA

53
Q

T/F: I+ is always inducable, Is is always repressed, Is is dominant to I+

A

True

54
Q

_____ requires additional cofactor for stimulation of transcription

A

positive control

55
Q

repressor molecule impedes transcription is what type of control?

A

negative

56
Q

NRs characterized by two highly conserved regions:

A

C Domain: binds to DNA (DBD)
E Domain: binds to signaling molecule (e.g. hormone ligand) (LBD)
portions of C and D domains are also involved in dimer formation

57
Q

a large fam of TFs found in both vertebrates and invertebrates

A

nuclear receptor superfamily

58
Q

binding site for nuclear receptors

A

Hormone response element

59
Q

formation of _______ through recruitment of specialized transcription factors and/or chromatin modification

A

active transcription complex

60
Q

a fundamental measure of genetic variation are the ________ at any given locus

A

allele frequencies

61
Q

Factors that affect changes in allele frequency in populations over time are:

A

1recurrent mutation
2natural selection
3migration
4: random sampling effects

62
Q

for any given _____ , the observed values conform well to the expected values…
but the species as a whole shows a wide variation in genotype frequencies…

A

subpopulation

63
Q

T/F: positive assortative mating for relatedness, or negative assortative mating for differences, can lead to changes in frequency of homozygosity

A

true

64
Q

in human populations (e.g. M/N blood group example) individuals will tend to mate within their own subgroup. This is called ?

A

endogamy

65
Q

What are the 5 conditions of HW equil?

A 
mating is random (previously discussed)
there is no selection
there is no migration
infinite population size 
no mutation
66
Q

random change in gene frequencies due to sampling effects

A

genetic drift

67
Q

change in gene pool due to immigration or emigration between populations

A

gene flow

68
Q

differential reproductive success favors some alleles over others
Mutation: change in allele frequency due to net mutation

A

natural selection

Genetics (6 decks)

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