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Geography U1 Human > Global Groupings > Flashcards

Global Groupings Flashcards

1
Q

why are the terms LICs & HICs not complex/correct enough anymore?

A
  • groups harder to classify
  • previously poor nations relatively wealthy (GDP, MICs, Egypt, Malaysia)
  • rich elites in country makes it hard to generalise whole pops
  • San Paolo: low HDI, but millions are rich/ many in poverty
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2
Q

Instead of judging countries on their development, how do we study nations in global context now?

A

Economic + political (trade blocs) groupings

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3
Q

what 5 economic groupings do agencies, such as the UN, use to categorise nations?

A
  • LDCs
  • NICs
  • Ex-Soviet
  • OPEC
  • OECD
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4
Q

what are LDCs?

A

least developed countries
Sudan/Afghan
‘failed states’
lack of engagement w/ globalising forces

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5
Q

what are the NICs?

A

newly industrialised countries
BRICS: brazil, russia, india, china, S Korea
MICs
RICs = ‘asian tigers’ Singapore

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6
Q

what are the Ex-Soviet states?

A
  • Russia, Ukraine

- low GDP + HDI

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7
Q

what is OPEC?

A
  • oil producers
  • petrodollar earnings: Saudi = GDP $350bill
  • wealth not evenly distributed in Nigeria
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8
Q

what is OECD?

A
  • 30 nations, wealth evenly distributed amongst people
  • high living standard, HICs
  • G8: USA, Canada, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia
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9
Q

in which two ways do political groupings (trade blocs) greatly differ from economic groupings?

A
  • national laws have to be amended to allow free trade through national boundaries
  • trade blocs can contain nations at varying levels of economic development (E.g NAFTA = mexico + USA)
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10
Q

why are mexico & USA both part of NAFTA?

A

mexico = cheap labour force
USA = management/ research skills
TNCs can exploit both nations = Spatial Division of Labour

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11
Q

what is spatial division of labour?

A

when large firms manufacture goods in places where labour costs are low and keep managements of firm in origin HIC country

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12
Q

what is an example where trade blocs restrict the free migration of people but make movement of money/goods easier?

A
  • USA, US firms free access to Mexican labour

- guards lined up on border to stop mexicans illegally entering USA

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13
Q

what is an example of a trade bloc where the free movement of people is also permitted as well as money + goods?

A

EU
1993 formed
2004 = 10 new members (eastern Europe, Poland)
2007 = Romania + Bulgaria join

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14
Q

why do nations belong to trade blocs?

A
  • economic strength + security
  • remove internal tariffs = free trade
  • protection: common external tariff for foreign imports
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15
Q

What 4 benefits does the removal of internal tariffs bring to member states of a trade bloc?

A
  • Markets Grow: tesco, 75mill new customers, 2004, 10 new states in EU
  • Comparative Advantage: french wine, better soil & climate, sold in europe
  • Enlarged Market: more demand = higher volume of production = lower max cost production = goods sold cheaper
  • Small National Firms: merge to form TNCs
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16
Q

why else do nations want to be a member of the trade bloc EU ?

A
  • EU structural funds = develop economies

- political stability: after WW2

17
Q

what do TNCs do to increase globalisation?

A

build ‘bridges’ between nations, ‘architects’ of globalisation

18
Q

what is a TNC?

A

company that has operations in more than one country

19
Q

what do TNCs do to become successful and subsequently increase globalisation?

A
  • build business up, buying Foreign Firms (Guinness part of Diageo)
  • Subcontract: manufacturing work to third parties
  • Assembly Industries: rely on chain of suppliers (Mini Factory Oxford owned by BMW, 2,500 different suppliers provide car parts, engines from Brazil)
  • Branch Plants: factories in other cheaper countries
  • Glocalisation: enter business partnerships with local companies (Cadbury chocolate sweeter in China)
  • Consumption: common patterns, 2005 Burger King in China
20
Q

what is a con to TNCs subtracting manufacturing work to third parties?

A

hard to enforce good working conditions

21
Q

what is an example of an assembly industry from the BMW TNC?

A

Mini factory, Oxford, BMW owned
2,500 suppliers for car parts
engines from Brazilian factory, BMW part-owns

22
Q

Explain how the TNC, Tesco, has become globally successful

A
  • 1919 first store
  • diversification: ‘one stop’ shops
  • many branch plants: low wages
  • £3 value jeans, sourced from Hong Kong, Chinese suppliers, 50p an hour wage = cheap in UK
  • 1998 entry to asian markets (overseas not just suppliers)
  • 2004: China store, elite = affluent customers
  • 60% tesco’s international profits China
  • 1,250 overseas stores
  • employs 450,000 peeps
  • worldwide sales £47 billion 2006
  • online shopping
  • glocalisation: Thai stores have ‘wet markets’
23
Q

are there downsides to Tesco’s success as a global TNC?

A
  • shipping goods globally = GHG
  • cutting packaging on own-label products
  • eroding local cultures by making people globally buy identical products
24
Q

what are the 5 negatives to TNCs?

A
  1. Tax Avoidance: govn can’t raise revenues = provide services, locals
  2. Limited Linkages: links with local firms don’t always happen
  3. Growing Global Wealth Divide: selectively investing/ignoring in certain areas
  4. Environmental Degradation: 1984 poisonous gas pesticide plant, India, Union Carbide firm killed thousands
  5. profits higher than some countries GDPs
25
Q

what are the 4 positives of TNCs?

A
  1. raising living standards: invest in economies of developing place, FDI = China largest economy
  2. transfer of tech: SKorea Samsung = learned to design products
  3. political stability: East Eu & China
  4. raising environmental awareness: fair trade commitment
26
Q

what is an example where TNCs have positively impacted technology

A

South Korea, Samsung learnt how to design, make + sell own products

27
Q

what is an example where TNCs have positively impacted economies?

A

China largest receiver of FDI, overtaken UK + France in economies

28
Q

where are areas that are politically stable & unstable due to TNCs?

A

China + East Europe = stable

Sub-saharan Africa = civil war, unfavourable for investment from TNCs

29
Q

what are some environmental impacts of TNCs?

A
  • (con) ecosystem damage (Shells oil spills)

- (con) air miles = pollution

30
Q

what are some social/cultural impacts of TNCs?

A
  • (pro) literacy improvement
  • (con) maintain gender inequality
  • (con) health damage: local health safety laws
  • products alter local tastes
31
Q

what are some economic impacts of TNCs?

A
  • more money for local markets: multiplier effect

Geography U1 Human (7 decks)

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