Chapter 1: New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C.- A.D. 1769

Question 1

Capitalism

Answer 1

an economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets

Question 2

Caravel

Answer 2

a small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails

Question 3

Confederacy

Answer 3

an alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation

Question 4

Conquistador

Answer 4

Spanish conquerer or adventurer in the Americas

Question 5

Demographic

Answer 5

concerning the general characteristics of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on

Question 6

Ecosystem

Answer 6

a naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment

Question 7

Encomienda

Answer 7

the Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them

Question 8

Inflation

Answer 8

rising prices that occur when the supply of currency or credit grows faster than the available supply of goods and services

Question 9

Matrilineal

Answer 9

the form of society in which family line, wealth, and power are passed primarily through the female side

Question 10

Mestizo

Answer 10

a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Question 11

Middlemen

Answer 11

in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to customers

Question 12

Nation-State

Answer 12

the form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity

Question 13

Plantation

Answer 13

a large scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor

Question 14

Primeval

Answer 14

concerning the earliest origins of things

Question 15

Province

Answer 15

a medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire

Question 16

Saga

Answer 16

a lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes

Question 17

Pueblo Indians

Answer 17

Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico,
Arizona, southwest Colorado
a. Corn planting, elaborate irrigation systems, multi-storied
and terraced dwellings
b. Some Pueblo villages are still among the oldest in North
America

Question 18

Mound Builders

Answer 18

civilizations in the Mississippi and Ohio
Valleys
a. Mississippian culture (e.g. Cahokia near E. St. Louis)
perhaps rivaled Egyptian architecture; home to as many
as 40,000 people (c. 1000-1700 CE)
• Central mound, 100 ft. high, world’s largest earthen
work.
• Largest city north of Mexico
b. Iron tools, wore woven fabrics, buried dead in collective
graves
c. Trade spanned from Appalachians to Rockies; Great
Lakes to Gulf of Mexico.

Question 19

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 19

defeated Incas in 1532; vast amounts of

gold & silver

Question 20

Black Legend

Answer 20

false view advanced by Protestant
countries that only Spain “killed for Christ,” enslaved
Indians, stole their gold, infected them with diseases, and
left nothing but misery behind.

Question 21

St. Augustine

Answer 21

fortress erected (1565): oldest European
settlement in the modern-day U.S.
– Purpose: keep French out of Spanish southeast territory and
protect sea lanes in the Caribbean.

Question 22

Roanoke

Answer 22

1585, Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert’s half-brother)
led 115 men, women & children to Roanoke Island off coast
of Virginia; mysteriously vanished

Question 23

Spain and the Pueblo Indians

Answer 23

1.Juan de Oñate established New Mexico, 1598
a. Retaliated against Pueblo Indians at Acoma by killing 800 and
enslaving 600 others
b. Pueblos submitted to Spanish demands for labor and food,
especially during drought conditions
c. Santa Fe became the capital in 1610

Question 24

Pope’s Rebellion

Answer 24

Santa Fe, New Mexico
a. Amerindians rebelled against Spanish rule in New Mexico
and expelled them for over ten years.
b. Killed half the Spanish clergy and over 350 settlers.
c. Causes:
i. Famine in 1666 caused massive suffering among Indians
ii. Pueblo Indians attacked by Apache and Navajo tribes who
were retaliating against Spanish aggression against their
peoples.
iii. Spanish authorities punished Pueblos for backsliding from
Christianity to native religions after major epidemics
wiped out Pueblo villages.
d. Spanish authorities eventually regained control in the early
1690s but another full-scale revolt erupted in 1696
e. Albuquerque founded in 1706 by Spanish soldiers but did not
employ the encomienda system; Indian religion tolerated as
long as they attended Catholic mass.

Question 25

New England Confederation

Answer 25

created by New
England colonies for collective security against
Amerindians.
i. Puritan response to the Pequot War
ii. Effective in defeating Metacom in King Philip’s War

Question 26

Native American Civilization

Answer 26

a. Societies more highly developed in Meso-America & South
America; North American Indians were mostly semi-sedentary.
b. Important North American tribes: Pueblo, Moundbuilders,
Creek & Cherokee, Iroquois

Question 27

Impact of Contact Between Amerindians and Colonists

Answer 27

a. Destruction of Amerindian population
b. Introduction of cattle & horses revolutionized some Amerindian
cultures.
c. Europeans saw global empires for the first time, the rise of
capitalism, and a revolution in diet.

Question 28

Relations Between Amerindians and Colonists

Answer 28

Spanish: sought to Catholicize, control and use Indians for forced
labor (mission system, encomienda, hacienda)
b. French: sought trade relations with Indians; Jesuits sought to
convert them to Catholicism
c. English: sought to remove Indians or exterminate them.