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A and P II - Test 1 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

.What is the most osmoreactive electrolyte in the blood?


A

Sodium

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2
Q

3.What is the predominant protein found in the human blood?


A

Albumin

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3
Q

4.Where are most of the proteins in the human body produced?


A

Liver (headquarter of protein metabolism)

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4
Q

5.Antibodies found in the human blood are only produced by the __________

A

Plasma cells

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5
Q

6.What are plasma cells?

A

They are transformed B lymphocytes

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6
Q

7.What are B Lymphocytes?

A

A type of lymphocyte

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7
Q

8.What is a Lymphocyte?

A

It is the second most abundant white blood cell in the human body

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8
Q

9.Lymphocyte is the most advanced & sophisticated white blood cell.

And is also?

A

The overall manager of the immune system

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9
Q
  1. What are the 3 main types of Lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

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10
Q

What do B lymphocytes do when stimulated by antigen

A

After exposure to an antigen transform into “Plasma cells” that secrete antibodies


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11
Q

T lymphocytes serve as?

A

Serve as “Antigen presenting cells.

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12
Q

Main categories of T lymphocytes

A

CD4

CD8

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13
Q

CD4 is?

A

Helper T cell

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14
Q

CD8 is?

A

Killer T cell

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15
Q

11.What system of proteins exist in the blood that act as an “Adjuvant” (Augment - Aid - help) of the Immune system?


A

Complement proteins

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16
Q

12.What are the 3 main actions of the Complement proteins?


A

Opsonization

Membrane attack complex

Inflammatory response

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17
Q

Opsonization?

A

attach to the outside of the pathogen to mark for destruction from white blood cells

18
Q

(What other materials can exhibit “Opsonization”?

A

Antibodies

19
Q

Membrane attack complex?

A

A group of complement proteins attach to the surface membrane of the pathogen and creates a hole. Water moves inside and bursts the pathogen

20
Q

In case of deficiencies of Complement proteins?

A

the individual suffers recurrent infections and may develop a carrier state.


21
Q

13.What does BUN stand for in blood report?


A

Blood urea nitrogen

22
Q

14.When proteins are broken down in the Intestines & Liver what toxic byproduct is produced?

A

Ammonia - NH3

23
Q

15.Where is Ammonia detoxified and converted into Urea?


A

Liver

24
Q

16.Where is urea primarily excreted?


A

Urine that is produced by the kidney

25
Q

17.In Liver Failure what will be the levels of Ammonia & Urea?


A

Ammonia levels will be high, and urea levels will be low to zero

26
Q

18.This happens in what common condition?
(High ammonia, low urea)

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy


27
Q

19.Major storage form of glucose in the human body is?

A

Glycogen

28
Q

20.Predominant intracellular electrolyte is

A

Potassium

29
Q

21.Predominant extracellular electrolyte is

A

Sodium

30
Q

22.Chloride plays a pivotal role in

A

the Chloride shift & reverse chloride shift processes (that take place in the Red blood cell)


31
Q

23.What is the role of Calcium:
A
B
C

A

a. The only electrolyte that is a “Clotting/Coagulation factor”
b. Is required for muscular contraction
c. Neuronal transmission is a calcium dependent process


32
Q

25.Bone marrow that is “Hematopoietic” is called

A

Red bone marrow

33
Q

Where is Red Bone marrow found in the skeleton of Adults?


A

Axial skeleton (+ pelvic region) & bones of the hands & feet


34
Q

What component in the blood is primarily responsible for the “Colloid Osmotic pressure”?


A

Proteins

35
Q

What type of immunity do B lymphocytes fit into

A

(Humoral immunity).

36
Q

What type of immunity are T lymphocytes?

A

(Cell mediated immunity).

37
Q

Neutrophil Nucleus is in pieces called

A

Lobes

38
Q

Normal Neutrophil has how many lobes?

A

2-5 lobes

39
Q

If the number of lobes is more than 5 than the Neutrophil is called

A

Hypersegmented

40
Q

Hypersegmented Neutrophil is a sign of Vitamin

A

B12 or folic acid deficiency

41
Q

Neutrophils of females have a projection from one of their lobes called the

A

Barr body

42
Q

What does the Barr body represent

A

It represents the extra “X chromosome” witnessed in the genome of females only


A and P II - Test 1 (4 decks)

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