Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A and P II - Test 1 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What happens to Heme?
A

Heme is degraded into a toxic chemical called “Biliverdin”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What happens to “Biliverdin”
A

It is further degraded to a toxic (less toxic) yellow colored chemical called “Bilirubin”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. Bilirubin as it leaves the Spleen is “Unconjugated” or “Free”, is very very toxic to the developing brain the new born baby and if found in high levels will deposit in the Basal Nuclei/Ganglia and lead to permanent Mental Retardation and/or death. This condition is called
A

Kernicterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. What is the routing of Unconjugated Bilirubin?
A

Unconjugated Bilirubin travels to the Liver and is made less toxic by conjugating it with carrier proteins. The Bilirubin that is processed by the Liver is termed “Conjugated Bilirubin” and is excreted in the Intestines via the Bile.
The Human feces have their characteristic dark color due to the presence of Bilirubin. In case the feces are clay colored it could be a sign of Liver failure or Biliary obstruction by a gall stone or a much more serious condition like cancer of the Pancreas/Gall bladder and etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. What condition results due to excessive deposition of Bilirubin in the subcutaneous tissues, sclera of the eyes and the urine
A

Jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. In what conditions can Bilirubin be found to be in excess in the blood?
    A
    B
    C
A

a. Pre-hepatic causes: excessive breakdown of red blood cells
b. Hepatic causes:
c. Post-hepatic causes:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What parasites classically are blood sucking?
    A
    B
    C
A

Hookworms:
Ancylostoma Duodenale
Necator Americanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. What condition can exacerbate “Iron deficiency” in Pregnancy?
A

PICA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Spoon shaped Nails: Koilonychia - Sign of
A

Iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Lesions at the angles of the mouth that exhibit delayed healing: Cheilitis (Angular Chelosis) - sign of
A

Iron/riboflavin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. What vitamin helps in the absorption of Iron from the Intestines?
A

Vitamin c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Pernicious anemia: deficiency of Vitamin B12 is common where
A

Northern Europe - Japan and etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Megaloblastic anemia:
A

Megaloblasts are witnessed - Can be due to deficiency of Vit B12 and/or Folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Mediterranean anemia?
A

Thalassemias
Either the apha/beta or both globin chains are malformed. Presents as a picture, opposite to that of Iron deficiency. There is in fact excess of Iron due to perpetual hemolysis. Iron deposits in the vital organs and can precipitate heart/other organ failure. Repeated/periodic blood transfusions are the main stay of management along with Chelation (Deferoxamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. What are the classical features of Chronic anemia e.g Sickle cell anemia and/or Thalassemia?
A

Chipmunk facies.

X ray skull: Hair on end appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. IN Sickle Cell Anemia there is a point mutation. Hemoglobin undergoes morphological change in lowered oxygen conditions which results in
A

the change of shape of the red blood cells (Sickling). These red blood cells block the micro-circulation of the vital organs of the body and a state of Crisis is witnessed e.g. Autosplenectomy, Acute Chest syndrome and etc.

17
Q
  1. What is Polycythemia?
A

Excessive number of Red blood cells in the blood

18
Q

What are the 3 types of polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia Vera
Secondary Polycythemia:
Blood Doping:

19
Q

Type of polycythemia:

Blood doping

A

Where an athlete will have their own blood transfused to themselves a few hours before the competition (The transfused blood was obtained and stored in a blood bank a few months before in anticipation of its use later on).

20
Q

Type of polycythemia:

Polycythemia Vera

A

Cancer of the red blood cells

21
Q

Type of polycythemia:

Secondary polycythemia

A

Polycythemia that is due to an identifiable cause:

  • Living at high altitudes
  • Advance lung disease
  • Smoking
22
Q
  1. Leukocytosis
A

WBC count over 11,000 per cubic centimeter

23
Q
  1. Must be able to identify the white blood cells:

A
  • Neutrophil
- Lymphocyte
- Eosinophil
- Monocyte
- Basophil

24
Q
  1. Eosinophils rise in the blood in these 3 conditions:

A
  • Severe Allergies
- Parasitic infestations
- Drug reactions
25
Q
  1. Basophils & Mast Cells contain deep purple/violet/deep blue granules that are loaded with

They are involved with?

A

Histamine

They are involved in Type 1 Hypersensitivity which can result in Anaphylaxis and/or Apaphylactic shock


26
Q
  1. Management of Anaphylactic shock Occurs when
A

an allergen is injected directly into the blood stream and leads to the degranulation of the Basophils

27
Q

an allergen is injected directly into the blood stream and leads to the degranulation of the Basophils

This leads to?

A

This leads to the Fall in the blood pressure and Bronchospasm of the Airways) is:
a. Attend to the ABCs
b. Inj. Epinephrine
c. Inj. High potency Corticosteroids
d. Inj. High potency Anti-histamines


28
Q
  1. What are Macrophages?

A

These are transformed Monocytes. A small percentage of Monocytes permanently leave the blood and settle down in certain tissues of the body. They are called Macrophages. They represent the Human Immune system in these organs & tissues e.g


29
Q

Macrophages of the brain

A

Microgloia

30
Q

Macrophages of the liver

A

Kupffer cells

31
Q

Macrophages of skin

A

Langerhans cells

32
Q

Macrophages of the Lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages

33
Q
  1. What test is an assessment of platelet function?

A

Bleeding time (2-7min)

34
Q
  1. What happens to Globin?
A

It is pure proteins so it is broken down into amino acids

35
Q

Kernicterus may require?

To save a life

A

complete exchange transfusion at birth to save a life.

36
Q

Kernicterus is witnessed in disorders like

A

It is witnessed in disorders of the blood like “Rh Incompatibility” that is very common.

A and P II - Test 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions