389-393 (Mesolithic)

Question 1

When was farming adopted in southeast Europe?

Answer 1

Around 6500 BCE

Question 2

What happened around 9600 BCE?

Answer 2

Hunter-gatherer societies across Europe taking advantage of milder postglacial climate to increase numbers and colonize previously glaciated northern regions

Question 3

Paleolithic meaning

Answer 3

Old Stone Age

Question 4

Mesolithic meaning

Answer 4

Middle Stone Age

Question 5

Neolithic meaning

Answer 5

New Stone Age

Question 6

Where are early postglacial hunter-gatherers most visible?

Answer 6

Along the coasts and rivers, and beside lakes and marshes.

Question 7

Who are the early postglacial hunter-gatherers descendants of?

Answer 7

The first Upper Paleolithic settlers of some 40,000 years ago

Question 8

When does the spread of agriculture in Europe reach the northern and western fringes?

Answer 8

Around 4000 BCE

Question 9

How did agriculture largely spread through Central Europe and the Mediterranean?

Answer 9

Through farming communities moving into new territories, although domestic plants and animals may also sometimes have been adopted by indigenous hunter-gatherers.

Question 10

From when were the Balkan and Carpathian mountains exploited for copper and gold?

Answer 10

From the fifth millennium BCE

Question 11

What regions were exploited for copper and gold from the fifth millennium BCE?

Answer 11

The Balkan and Carpathian mountains.

Question 12

When do new peoples from the Eurasian steppes appear in Central?

Answer 12

In the third millennium BCE

Question 13

By how much did early postglacial shorelines rise?

Answer 13

up to 250 m above present sea level

Question 14

Why did, in areas that had been covered by the ice sheets, the early postglacial shorelines rise up to 250 m?

Answer 14

The surface of the land bounced back in response to the removal of the weight of the ice.

Question 15

What brought warm tropical water to northern latitudes after the last ice age?

Answer 15

The re-establishment of the Gulf Stream

Question 16

As the forest spread, what open-country megafauna of the last Ice Age died out?

Answer 16

Mammoth, wooly rhinoceros, giant deer

Question 17

What caused the open-country megafauna of the last Ice age to die out?

Answer 17

The spread of forests

Question 18

Why did reindeer and horse withdraw respectively to the northern and eastern margins after the last Ice age?

Answer 18

The spread of forests

Question 19

What did the spread of forests after the last Ice age cause?

Answer 19

The open-country megafauna of the last Ice Age died out, and reindeer and horse withdrew respectively to the northern and eastern margins

Question 20

What forest-adapted species replaced megafauna and reindeer and horse after the last Ice age?

Answer 20

Aurochs (wild cattle), red deer, wild pig

Question 21

At what locations were many of the most significant postglacial hunting and foraging settlements?

Answer 21

Besides coasts, lakes, and wetlands

Question 22

What area was home to the Maglemosian culture?

Answer 22

The area now occupied by the North Sea, then a marshy lowland

Question 23

When was the whole area now occupied by the North Sea a marshy lowland, home to the Maglemosian culture?

Answer 23

In the earlier Holocene

Question 24

What kind of communities did the Maglemosian culture consist of?

Answer 24

Hunters, fishers, foragers

Question 25

What, belonging to the Maglemosian culture, has been found at Duvensee and other sites around its edges?

Answer 25

Hut floors consisting of pine logs and bark sheets

Question 26

Besides what was Star Carr located?

Answer 26

A lake

Question 27

What culture was Star Carr a part of?

Answer 27

The Maglemosian culture

Question 28

What has the lakeside settlement of Star Carr yielded remains of?

Answer 28

A brushwood platform, a wooden paddle, evidence of seasonal patterns of exploitation

Question 29

What suggests that in northern and eastern Europe Mesolithic communities were developing larger and more complex social structures?

Answer 29

The emergence of the first cemeteries

Question 30

What does the emergence of the first cemeteries in Mesolithic communities in northern and eastern Europe suggest?

Answer 30

That Mesolithic communities here were developing larger and more complex social structures

Question 31

How old is the earliest cemetery in northern and eastern Europe?

Answer 31

Tenth millennium BCE

Question 32

By what time period had cemeteries in northern and eastern Europe become more numerous and complex?

Answer 32

The later Mesolithic period

Question 33

How many burials did the cemetery at Olenii Ostrov in Karelia, Russia number?

Answer 33

300

Question 34

Where was the cemetery Olenii Ostrov?

Answer 34

Karelia, Russia

Question 35

What cemetery in Karelia, Russia numbered 300 burials?

Answer 35

Olenii Ostrov

Question 36

What predominated in the northern part of Olenii Ostrov?

Answer 36

Elk effigies

Question 37

What predominated in the south of Olenii Ostrov?

Answer 37

Human and snake figurines

Question 38

As what were some of the burials, in upright or standing position, at Olenii Ostrov identified?

Answer 38

As those of ritual specialists or shamans

Question 39

What burials were identified as those of ritual specialists or shamans at Olenii Ostrov?

Answer 39

Burials in upright or standing positions

Question 40

What have the grave goods at Olenii Ostrov indicated?

Answer 40

Social differentiation, which has been interpreted in terms of clan moieties, or a society divided into two separate descent groups

Question 41

How have the grave goods indicating social differentiation at Olenii Ostrov been interpreted?

Answer 41

In terms of clan moieties, or a society divided into two separate descent groups

Question 42

What site is the following about: "Some of the burials, in upright or standing position, were identified as those of ritual specialists or shamans. The grave goods indicate social differentiation, which has been interpreted in terms of clan moieties, or a society divided into two separate descent groups?"

Answer 42

Olenii Ostrov

Question 43

When do cemeteries also appear at west European Mesolithic sites?

Answer 43

During the sixth millennium BCE?

Question 44

What are examples of cemeteries also appearing at west European Mesolithic sites during the sixth millennium BCE?

Answer 44

Moita da Sebastião, Cabeço da Arruda in Portugal

Question 45

What cemeteries in Scandinavia are examples of cemeteries appearing at west European Mesolithic sites during the sixth Millennium BCE?

Answer 45

Skateholm, Vedbaek

Question 46

Where did farming come to Europe from?

Answer 46

Southwest Asia

Question 47

Why do we know that farming came to Europe from Southwest Asia?

Answer 47

1 Most of the domesticated plant and animal species involved have been dated earlier in Southwest Asia than in Europe 2 Their wild ancestors were also in many cases restricted in their natural distribution to Southwest Asia

Question 48

How did farming spread through Europe?

Answer 48

Spread began in southeast -> moving westward along Mediterranean coasts to Italy and Iberia, northward through the Balkans to central, western, northern Europe

Question 49

What indicates little continuity between hunter-gatherer and early farming populations?

Answer 49

Analysis of ancient DNA

Question 50

Where is Star Carr

Answer 50

On the shores of an extinct lake in northeast England

Question 51

What was Star Carr?

Answer 51

A hunter-gatherer campsite of the early Mesolithic period

Question 52

What does Star Carr owe its importance to?

Answer 52

The waterlogged conditions that preserved a wide range of organic materials

Question 53

How far did a platform of worked timbers extend at Star Carr?

Answer 53

30 m

Question 54

What does a hollow 3 m in diameter surrounded by postholes mark at Star Carr?

Answer 54

The position of a hut or dwelling

Question 55

What would flint microliths at Star Carr been used for?

Answer 55

Fitted into wooden shafts to form hunting arrows or knives for cutting reeds and other vegetation

Question 56

How many barbed points did Clark find at Star Carr?

Answer 56

200

Question 57

What were moist barbed points at Star Carr made of?

Answer 57

Red deer antler

Question 58

What was a wooden paddle blade at Star Carr probably used for?

Answer 58

To propel a dugout canoe across the waters of the lake

Question 59

How many frontlets of red deer skulls with the antlers still attached were found at Star Carr?

Answer 59

21

Question 60

What could be seen in the best preserved specimens of frontlets of red deer skulls at Star Carr?

Answer 60

That both skull and antlers had been scraped and thinned to reduce weight, and the skulls had twin perforations, allowing them to be tied and worn as headdress

Question 61

What may the frontlets of red deer skulls at Star Carr been used in?

Answer 61

Hunting magic

Question 62

When did human activity at Star Carr begin?

Answer 62

8770 BCE

Question 63

When did the second episode of human occupation at Star Carr end?

Answer 63

8460 BCE