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Basic Science Board Review > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs. Example?

A

Hyperplasia..1.Endometrial hyperplasia (monthly in women) 2.polyps of the colon or stomach

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2
Q

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.

A

Dysplasia

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3
Q

BOOM! Which of the cell adaptations is most closely associated with PREcancerous conditions?

A

Dysplasia

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4
Q

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells-The hallmark of malignant transformation. Two examples?

A

Anaplasia…Squamous Cell carcinoma of the cervix, Cancer of the lung

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5
Q

What is a glandular benign neoplasm named? What is a glandular malignant neoplasm named?

A

andenoma… AdenoCarcinoma

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6
Q

What is a squamous benign neoplasm named? What is a squamous malignant neoplasm named?

A

papilloma….Sqamous cell Carcinoma

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7
Q

What are the 4 oncogenic viruses?

A

1.HPV 2.Hep B 3.Epstein Barr (HHV-4) 4.HHV-8 -Kaposi Sarcoma

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8
Q

Histologically, the cells of these neoplasms usually retain the microscopic features of their tissue of origin

A

The cells of benign tumors

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9
Q

Malignant cells show prominent ________ in that they exhibit new features not inherent to the tissues of their origins.

A

Anaplasia

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10
Q

In contrast to benign tumors which show HIGH degrees of “_________” (the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally), malignant cells are “________” or Anaplastic.

A

Differentiation=well differentiated=your doing well!…..Undifferentiated=poorly differentiated = your doing poorly :(

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11
Q

What are the two Gross hallmarks of a malignant tumor?

A

1.Hemorrhage 2.Necrosis

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12
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms for turning a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

A

1.Point Mutations 2.Gene Amplification 3.Chromosomal Rearrangements 4.Insertion of Viral Genomes

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13
Q

“Necrosis/Autolysis”: is seen in the living (with inflammation) and “Necrosis/Autolysis”: is seen in tissues after death.

A

Necrosis is seen in living tissues…autolysis is in tissues after death

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14
Q

What is the MOST COMMON form of necrosis? Example?

A

Co-agul-ative…Heart tissue undergoing Myocardial Infarction

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15
Q

What are the 2 best examples of Lique-factive Necrosis?

A

Brain Infarcts (OR Staph Aureus in the lungs!)

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16
Q

What is an example of Case-ous necrosis?

A

TB!!!(inside the granulmas where the bug is living…yellowish/cheesy

17
Q

What is an example of fat necrosis?

A

Rupture of the Pancreas! (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)

18
Q

Where do I find a nirtosamine? How are they created? What are the 2 main cancers that arise from it?

A

Preservatives in foods…Nitrites react with food to make the nirtosamine….Esophageal and Stomach

19
Q

Grade I tumors are __________ differentiated tumors

A

Grade I tumors are Well-Differentiated

20
Q

Grade II tumors are __________ differentiated.

A

Grade II tumors are Moderately Differentiated.

21
Q

Grade III tumors are_______ or ______ differentiated.

A

Grade III tumors are Poorly or Undifferentiated.

22
Q

Which virus is involved in Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

Human Herpes Virus 8

23
Q

What are the 4 diseases caused by HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr)?

A

1.Mono 2.Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 3.Burkitt’s Lymphoma 4.NasoPharyngeal Carcinoma (Africa/Asia)

24
Q

What syndrome is this? The bacterial infection leads to massive hemorrhage into one or (usually) both ADRENAL GLANDS…What is a common clinical sign?

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome..GRAY petechial skin!

25
Q

______ or ______ infarcts are typical of arterial occlusion in SOLID ORGANS (heart, kidneys, etc).

A

White or Pale….

26
Q

Red infarcts are typical of venous obstruction involving the ________ or ________. The _______ circulation may be interrupted as a result of twisting of the organ around its supporting structure. Red infarcts are also typical of organs that have a dual blood supply, such as the _____ or ______.

A

venous….intestines or testes…freaking ouch…liver…lungs

27
Q

What is the site of B cell proliferation in the lymph node?

A

Lymphoid follicle

28
Q

Where are T cells found in the lymph node?

A

The ParaCortical region

29
Q

What type of cell is mainly found in the medullary cords extending from the lymph node cortex to the medulla?

A

Mature B cells/plasma cells

30
Q

The _________ is a connective tissue covering of the lymph node that has no lymphoid function.

A

Capsule

Basic Science Board Review (13 decks)

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