N: CARBS: sugars, starches and fibre

Question 0

examples of monosaccharides:

Answer 0

glucose, fructose

Question 1

major types of carb:

Answer 1

glycogen
starches
cellulose

Question 2

examples of disaccharides:

Answer 2

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 3

how is glucose used in the body?

Answer 3

stored glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

body uses glycogen stores if available to produce glucose for energy

Question 4

what is glycogen?

Answer 4

storage form of glucose in the body

Question 5

what is starch?

Answer 5

storage form of glucose in plants

Question 6

what is cellulose?

Answer 6

main structural component of plants

Question 7

when is muscle glycogen used?

Answer 7

muscle glycogen is main energy reserve during exercise

• some athletes “glycogen load” to improve their performance

Question 8

what helps maintain blood glucose during fasting?

Answer 8

liver glycogen

liver glycogen is a short term glucose reserve

Question 9

what happens when the body has no stored glycogen to make glucose from?

Answer 9

the body can make glucose from protein - Gluconeogenesis

Question 10

what would prevent gluconeogenesis?

Answer 10

having inadequate carbohydrate in the diet

Question 11

define hypoglycaemia?

Answer 11

abnormally low blood glucose concentration (below 4mM)

Question 12

define hyperglycemia?

Answer 12

abnormally high blood glucose concentration (above 11mM)

Question 13

how does the body maintain blood glucose?

Answer 13

removing glucose from blood & storing after meal

replacing blood glucose from body stores in periods of fasting

Question 14

what are the regulating hormones of blood glucose?

Answer 14

insulin, glucagon, epinephrine(adrenaline)

Question 15

role of insulin in regulating blood glucose:

Answer 15

insulin moves glucose into the cells, and helps to lower blood sugar levels

Question 16

role of glucagon in regulating blood glucose?

Answer 16

brings glucose out of storage to raise blood sugar levels

Question 17

role of epinephrine(adrenaline) in regulating blood glucose:

Answer 17

acts quickly to bring glucose out of storage

Question 18

describe type 2 diabetes:

Answer 18

occurs later in life
insufficient insulin
cells unresponsive to insulin

Question 19

define glycemic index:

Answer 19

food classification according to their potential for raising blood glucose

Question 20

examples of of high GI

Answer 20

watermelon
breads
mashed potatoes
honey

Question 21

examples of low GI

Answer 21

apples
wholegrain breads
sweet potato

Question 22

what is diverticula? and how can you avoid it?

Answer 22

outpocketing of (large)intestinal linings that balloon through the weakened intestinal wall muscles

avoidable: adequate fibre intake

Question 23

effects of excessive fibre:

Answer 23

dehydration

abdominal discomfort and distension

Question 24

health effects of fibre:

Answer 24

fuller for longer as it slows gastric emptying
binds with cholesterol rich bile salts
eat more fibre and less fat
slows absorbtion of glucose (low GI)

Question 25

major storage form of carbohydrate?

Answer 25

glycogen

Question 26

2 major tissues or organs that store carbohydrate?

Answer 26

liver

muscle tissue

Question 27

2 major types of complex carbs found in plants:

Answer 27

starch

cellulose - cellular framework of plants

Question 28

what is the name of the simple sugar that is the basic unit of these dietary complex carb?

Answer 28

glucose

Question 29

what happens to starch and cellulose when ingested as food?

Answer 29

starches are digested to glucose and absorbed

cellulose passes undigested through the GIT and is excreted in faeces

Question 30

define glycemic response:

Answer 30

how quickly blood glucose rises and elicits an insulin response