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X-Ray Physics > Clicker Q's > Flashcards

Clicker Q's Flashcards

1
Q

Which X-Ray production process occurs when an electron shifts its shell?

A

Characteristic (5 very specific X-rays that are produced by this process)

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2
Q

Which X-Ray production process occurs when an electron slows down or stops?

A

Bremmsstrahlung

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3
Q

Which X-Ray production process is responsible for the majority of the x-rays in the beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung

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4
Q

Which XRay production process requires at least 70 kVp in a tungsten target?

A

characteristic

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5
Q

Which one is capable of producing HIGHER energies, greater than 70 keV

A

bremsstrahlung

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6
Q

What is the type of current distributed by power companies?

A

AC power

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7
Q

What type of current is necessary to produce X-Rays?

A

DC current

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8
Q

14 X 36 Full spine

anode?

A

up

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9
Q 
AP Thoracic (T1-T12)
anode?
A

up

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10
Q

Lateral Lumbar

anode?

A

up

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11
Q

Lateral Thoracic

anode?

A

down

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12
Q

Lateral Cervical

anode?

A

doesn’t matter

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13
Q

AP Femur

anode?

A

down

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14
Q

REM =

A

RAD x QF

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15
Q

20 RAD=

A

20 REM

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16
Q

QF of X-ray =

A

1

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17
Q

20mRAD=

A

20mREM

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18
Q

1000mREM=

A

1 REM

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19
Q

20 RAD of alpha exposure=

A

400 REM

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20
Q

Occupational exposure unit —systems international nomenclature =

A

Sievert (SI)

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21
Q

100 REM =

A

1 Grey = 1 Sievert

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22
Q

Which will produce the most Radiographically Dense Image?

1) 20 mAs at 40” SID
2) 20 mAs at 72” SID

A

20 mAs at 40” SID

***because more xrays made it to the film – blacker image

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23
Q

Which will produce the most geometric sharpness?

1) 30mAs, 73kVp, 36” SID
2) 120 mAs, 73kVp, 72” SID

A

120 mAs, 73kVp, 72” SID

***higher SID creates MORE geometric sharpness

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24
Q

If 30 mAs used at 36” SID versus 120 mAs used at 72” SID

1) More Dense
2) Less Dense
3) No change in density

A

No change in density

(***only skin exposure reduced, deep tissue X-rays would not be affected

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25
Q

Which interaction causes the white areas in the image?

A

photoelectric effect

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26
Q

In which of these interactions is an x-ray totally absorbed when ionizing (in diagnosis)

A

photoelectric

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27
Q

Which interaction causes image contrast to be reduced?

A

fog == compton scatter

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28
Q

This x-ray interaction is more probable in high atomic number matter

A

photoelectric absorption

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29
Q

Which of these energy interactions is important in Diagnostic Radiology?

A

both photoelectric and compton scatter

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30
Q

Which interaction likely to occur at 10-60 keV?

A

photoelectric

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31
Q

What is the item that controls contrast?

A

kVp

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32
Q

Exposure factors that effect the sharpness of detail and the amount of of distortion in an image are known as

A

geometric factors

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33
Q

Occupational Exposure as reported on radiation dosimeters will be expressed in this classical unit of radiation exposure?

A

mREM or REM

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34
Q

The unit REM differs from RAD because it combines both occupational and personal exposure.

T/F?

A

false (they are separate and distinct)

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35
Q

The systems international unit that describes the quantity of patient exposure is:

A

grey

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36
Q

This x-ray interaction with matter produces the whites in the image

A

photoelectric absorption

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37
Q

This x-ray interaction causes “fog” in the image

A

compton scatter

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38
Q

This x-ray interaction occurs at high kVp in the diagnostic range

A

compton scatter

39
Q

This x-ray interaction decreases image contrast?

A

compton scatter

40
Q

When collimating from 14X17 to 10X12 area – what do we do therefore?

A

increase mAs by 50%

41
Q

An AP Lumbar spine exam is properly exposed using 40mAs, 73kVp and a 14X17 film. If a 4X4 spot film is needed, what are the exposure factors.

A

increase by 50% mAs = 60 mAs, 73kVp, and the spot view

42
Q

What causes severe underexposure?

A

Backward Focused Grid – I.E it was put in the wrong way in the Bucky…

43
Q

Height of the Lead Strip divided by Width of the Interspace Strip:

A

grid ratio

44
Q

High Frequency Radiographic Grid does this?

A

decreases the visibility of grid lines

45
Q

What grid is on useful in Chiropractic??

A

crosshatch

46
Q

This will be indicated on a Focused Grid?

A

tube side

47
Q

The Ratio Grid adequate for large images (Gonstead)

A

12:1 or 16:1

48
Q

When to use a radiographic grid?

A

Body part is > 10cm
When we are using > 60 kVp
(Radiographic Grid is also referred to as a “Bucky”)

49
Q

What is the film BASE made of?

A

Polyester Plastic (Mylar)

50
Q

What is the film emulsion made of?

A

Silver Halide crystals suspended in gelatin

51
Q

The purpose of using intensifying screens is to:

A

Reduce Patient Exposure

52
Q

What are intensifying screens made of?

A

Rare Earth Crystals –Lanthanum, Gadolinium, and Yttrium

53
Q

You have a 200 speed film-screen system. The technique chart that is posted is posted works well for that system. What do we need to do with a 600 flim screen system??

A

Use 1/3X mAs Values

54
Q

Density is correct when using a 20 mAs on a 1200 speed system. What mAs should be used if changing to a 200 speed system?

A

120 mAs

55
Q

Density correct when using 60 mAs with a 300 Speed system. What is the mAs when we buy a new 600 speed system?

A

30 mAs

56
Q

What does quantum mottle look like in an image?

A

graininess

57
Q

Which of these systems will operate with the most quantum mottle?

A

1200 speed

58
Q

Which of these system speeds would you use for detailed extremity images?

A

100 speed

59
Q

Which of these would be the minimum speed used for spine imaging?

A

400 speed

60
Q

Which of these would result in the most radiation exposure to the patient?

A

100 speed

61
Q

Which of these speeds is most consistent with the ALARA concept?

A

1200 speed

62
Q

What is film latitude?

A

range of error

63
Q

How is film contrast related to film latitude?

A

inversely

64
Q

What type of safelight is safe for rare earth screen combinations?

A

GBX (green blue X-ray)

65
Q

As film speed system speed increases, geometric blur:

A

increases

66
Q

The writing on the Safe-light fixture should be placed:

A

away from the bulb

67
Q

The gelatin side of the safelight filter is placed away from the bulb so it will:

A

not melt

68
Q

Safelight Bulbs should be in terms of watts:

A

15 Watts or Less

69
Q

Safelights should be placed at least this far from the work surface?

A

4 feet

70
Q

What is the relative humidity to store films at?

A

40-60% humidity

71
Q

Dirty screens can cause these types of artifacts?

A

Sharp White Dots

72
Q

These should be used to clean the intensifying screens:

A

Screen Cleaner and Gauze

73
Q

Define the term “Latent Image”?

A

The Invisible Image on the Film Before Processing

74
Q

Define the term “Manifest Image”?

A

The Visible Image on Film After Processing

75
Q

What happens when we use film that is out of date?

A

FOG – also caused by compton scatter

76
Q

What is the function of the developer?

A

To convert the latent image into a manifest image

77
Q

What is the function of the fixer?

A

To Clear and Harden the Emulsion

78
Q

Why does the direction of film transport through the processor motor matter?

A

Chemical Replenishment

79
Q

When image processed with oxidized developer what would it look like?

A

too light

80
Q

An occupationally exposed person’s own, personal exposure is included in the REM unit?
T/F?

A

false

81
Q

Which of these is the most likely to cause “fog” in an image?

1) Use of low kVp
2) Use of high kVp – creates a longer “range”, higher kVp goes further into range of Compton Scatter which causes Fog. higher probability of Compton = higher fog
3) High mA and short exposure time
4) Low mA and long exposure time

A

Use of high kVp – creates a longer “range”, higher kVp goes further into range of Compton Scatter which causes Fog. higher probability of Compton = higher fog

82
Q

Which of these will reduce Compton Scatter?

1) Using High kVp (low will reduce)
2) Collimating Well
3) Compressing Tissue
4) Using shorted OID possible (longer = reduce compton)

A

Collimating Well Compressing Tissue

83
Q

WHich of these grids is designed so that the strips coincide with the divergence of the x-ray beam:

A

focused

84
Q

10:1 grid ratio compared to using no grid will require this change in exposure factors:

A

Use 4X the mAs

85
Q

Scale of contrast is too long at 30mAs, and 80kVp. What change should be made to produce a shorter scale of contrast.

A

Key is to go DOWN in kVp and UP in mAs to compensate.

This means 68kVp, and 60mAs

86
Q

What is the annual whole body MPD for occupationally exposed persons?

A

5 REM (or 5000 mREM)

87
Q

What is the MPD for a pregnant worker?

A

0.5 REM/gestation period

88
Q

Which of these is not a cardinal priniciple of Radiation Protection?

1) kVp
2) Time
3) Distance
4) Shielding

A

kVp

89
Q

Which of these would allow a greater amount of weekly radiation exposure?

1) Controlled Area
2) Uncontrolled Area

A

Controlled Area

90
Q

State the cumulative MPD for a 55 year old occupationally exposed man using the NEW Formula (1 X the person’s age):

A

55 REM

91
Q

How often must film badges be sent in for processing?

A

Once every month

92
Q

What does the “m” mean on a dosimeter report?

A

That the exposure was so minimal it did not record

93
Q

Which of these is allowed a greater amount of weekly exposure?

A

Controlled Area (Has a benefit to outweigh the risk)

X-Ray Physics (3 decks)

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