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PD Block 1 > Vital Signs > Flashcards

Vital Signs Flashcards

1
Q

Pulse rhythm

A

The regularity of the pulse. Regularly irregular or irregularly regular

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2
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during each contraction

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3
Q

Cardiac output

A

SV * HR

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4
Q

Tachypnea

A

Increased RR >20

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5
Q

Bradypnea

A

Slow breathing

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6
Q

Hyponea

A

Abnormal shallow breathing

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7
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increased rate and depth of breathing

Regardless of pts subjective opinion

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8
Q

BP

A

Force exerted on the walls of the artery as a bolus of blood passes through

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9
Q

Paradoxical breathing

A

Lung deflates during inspiration and inflates during expiration. Pneumothorax

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10
Q

Normal adult pulse rate

A

60-90bpm

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11
Q

5 places temp can be taken

A
  1. Oral
  2. Rectal
  3. Tympanic
  4. Axillary
  5. Forehead
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12
Q

Normal rectal temp

A

99.6

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13
Q

Normal oral temp

A

98.6

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14
Q

Normal tympanic temp

A

99.6

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15
Q

Normal axillary temp

A

97.6

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16
Q

Pulse deficit

A

The difference in radial and apical pulse. If a difference occurs could be indicative of cardiac output issue

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17
Q

Pulse rate

A

of cardiac contractions in one minute

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18
Q

Korotkoff sound

A

Low pitched sound caused by blood turbulence in artery(when pressure is applied)

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19
Q

Auscultatory gap

A

The period of silence during blood pressure reading. Usually about a 10-15mm Hg gap. If not accounted for the systolic pressure may be under estimated or diastolic pressure over estimated

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20
Q

Kussmaul

A

Deep labored rapid breathing. Type of hyperpnea

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21
Q

What is kussmaul breathing indicative of?

A

Metabolic acidosis. Diabetic patients

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22
Q

Factors affecting BP

A
  1. Hypo/hypertensive mess
  2. White coat syndrome
  3. Peripheral resistance
  4. Fever
  5. Weight
  6. Sedentary lifestyle/active
  7. Pain
  8. Caffeine/drugs
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23
Q

4 main vital signs

A

BP
HR
Temp
RR

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24
Q

What is the 5th vital sign

A

Pain, subjective

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25
Q

Heat production and heat loss is controlled by?

A

The hypothalamus

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26
Q

Fahrenheit to Celsius

A

(F-32) x 5/9

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27
Q

Factors affecting temperature (5)

A 
Metabolic processes
Infectious processes
Environmental factors
Ingestion of exogenous substances 
Body heat loss (radiation conduction vaporization)
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28
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

12-20 per min

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29
Q

What 4 parameters do you assess with respiration?

A

Rate
Pattern
Depth
Signs of distress

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30
Q

Factors affecting RR (3)

A

Activity
External temp
Emotions

31
Q

Diaphragmatic/abdominal breathing

A

Diaphragm contracts with significant abdominal movement (deep breathing)

32
Q

Thoracic respiration

A

Intercostal muscles are mainly used. Chest movement only

33
Q

Apnea

A

Absence of respirations

34
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Deep and rapid breathing >20 per min

35
Q

Cheyne-stokes respirations

A

Periodic breathing
Increasing and decreasing periods of rate and depth
Periods of apnea

36
Q

Who typically presents with Cheyne-stokes?

A

Pts with brain damage or drug induced respiratory compromise

37
Q

Pulse amplitude

A

Force with which blood moves through the artery
Scale of 0-4+
4+ would be aneurysm

38
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Usually between 30 and 50 mmHg

39
Q

Factors affecting pulse (5)

A 
Heart health
Activity level
Emotions
Neurologic status
Drugs/caffeine
40
Q

Tachycardia

A

100 BPM

41
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60 BPM

42
Q

Systole

A

Ventricles are maximum contraction

43
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Max pressure on artery during ventricular contraction

44
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricles at Max relaxation

45
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by blood consistently between each contraction

46
Q

Procedure for finding ascultatory gap

A
  1. Palate radial artery
  2. Inflate BP cuff until pulse no longer felt
  3. Deflate cuff wait 30 secs
  4. Inflate BP cuff 20 to 30 mmHg above palpable radial pulse
47
Q

Orthostatic BP

A

Changes in BP and heart rate when the patient moves from supine to upright position.

A drop of more than 20 mmHg in systolic pressure or HR increase greater than 20

48
Q

What does Orthostatic suggest?

A

Volume depletion

49
Q

Steps in taking an orthostatic blood pressure

A
  1. Patient supine for 5 to 10 minutes
  2. Take BP and HR
  3. Have pt stand
  4. Wait 1 min, repeat BP and HR
50
Q

How do you measure height

A

Have patient remove shoes

51
Q

How to take weight

A

Have patient remove shoes and as many clothes as possible. Body habitus is linked to many chronic diseases

52
Q

What should be documented with pain?

A

Quality, character, severity, frequency, duration of, location

53
Q

How does the body cool

A

Through vasodilation which increases blood circulation and increases heat loss through the skin via perspiration

54
Q

How does the body heat

A

Generates heat by shivering and by vasoconstriction which produces heat loss

55
Q

Hypothermia

A

The body loses heat faster than it can produce it. Temperature less than 95°

56
Q

Hyperthermia

A

The body produces or absorbs more heat than it can get rid of

57
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

Exaggerated decrease in amplitude (and systolic pressure) during inspiration and an increased amplitude during expiration

58
Q

Apical pulse

A

Pulse found by using stethoscope and listening to apex of heart. Listening for s1 and s2 sounds

59
Q

S1

A

“Lub” sound when mitral and tricuspid valves close as ventricles fill

60
Q

S2

A

“Dub” sound heard after blood is ejected from ventricles and aortic and pulmonary valves close

61
Q

Physiologic mechanisms of tachycardia

A

Electrical abnormality in the heart that produces a rapid electrical signal

62
Q

physiologic mechanism of bradycardia

A

Electrical abnormality (SA node) that disrupts the normal electrical signal. Heart rate slows

63
Q

What to ask patients regarding their pain (4)

A
  1. Presence (onset)
  2. Intensity (does it come and go)
  3. Character of pain
  4. Location
64
Q

Acute pain presents as (7)

A
  1. Grunting
  2. Groaning
  3. Bent over
  4. Clutching
  5. Increased HR and BP
  6. Dry Mouth
  7. Dilated pupils
65
Q

Non-verbal pain cues

A
  1. groans
  2. facial grimaces/teeth clenching
  3. bracing
  4. restlessness
  5. rubbing affected area
    6.
66
Q

Acute pain (def)

A

Short duration with sudden onset (associated with surgery, illness, injury)

67
Q

Chronic pain

A

Persistant, lasts months or longer

68
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Long-term pain associated with damage or dysfunction of the CNS or PNS. Central neuropathic pain=cns (phantom limb) Peripheral neuropathic pain=pns (neuropathy)

69
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Pain detected by specialized peripheral nerves called nociceptors. Send chemical signals to the brain to indicate stimuli (i.e. stepping on a nail, burning your hand)

70
Q

2 types of nociceptive pain

A
  1. Somatic

2. Visceral

71
Q

Somatic nociceptive pain

A

Injury to Joints, bones, muscle, CT. Pain is sharp, dull or aching and is associated with sprains, strains. Superficial pain is sharp. Deep pain is dull.

72
Q

Visceral nociceptive pain

A

Pain is diffuse, difficult to locate deep, and dull. Associated with deep tissue and internal organs. Caused by infections, ischemia, stretching (pregnancy)

73
Q

Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings that transmit pain from site of injury to brain

PD Block 1 (7 decks)

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