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PD Block 1 > Skin, hair, nails > Flashcards

Skin, hair, nails Flashcards

1
Q

Skin functions

A
  1. Protection
  2. Regulates body temp
  3. Stores water, fat, vit D
  4. Sense pain/pleasure
  5. Contributes to BP regulation through constriction of skin blood vessels
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2
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost portion of skin

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3
Q

3 layers of the epidermis

A
  1. stratum corneum (horny layer)
  2. Cellular stratum
  3. basal layer/basement membrane
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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

Visible outermost layer. Sheds dead keratinocytes continuously. Keratin protects skin

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5
Q

cellular stratum

A

Middle layer of epidermis. Gives skin its color. Contains melanocytes and live keratinocytes

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6
Q

basal layer

A

Inner layer of epidermis. Contains basal cells that divide and form new keratinocytes

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7
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin, contains:

  1. Blood vessels
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Hair follicles
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Pain/touch receptors
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8
Q

What is dermis made of

A

Collagen made by fibroblasts (gives skin its resilience)

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9
Q

Hypodermis (or subcutis/subcutaneous) layer

A

Made of loose CT consisting of fat and collagen. Gives skin its insulation property

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10
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Sweat glands that open onto surface of the skin. Allow for cooling

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11
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Specialized glands found only in axillary, groin, nipple, eyelids, external ears. Odorless secretion, but nearby structures can attract bacteria and produce odor

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12
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

secrete sebum - oily waxy substance. Keeps skin from drying out. Usually regulated by sex hormones

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13
Q

3 regions of the hair follicle

A
  1. Bulb and suprabulb - Lower segment
  2. Isthmus - middle segment
  3. Infundibulum - upper segment
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14
Q

Bulb/suprabulb

A

Lower segment of hair follicle, extends from base to insertion of the erector pili muscle

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15
Q

Isthmus

A

Middle segment of hair follicle. Extends from erector pili muscle to entrance of sebaceous gland duct

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16
Q

Infundibulum

A

Upper portion of hair follicle. Extends from sebaceous gland to the follicular orifice

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17
Q

3 phases of follicular life cycle

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
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18
Q

Anagen phase

A

Active growth 3-4 yrs 84% of hair

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19
Q

Catagen phase

A

Regression (follicle dies off) and last 2-3 weeks

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20
Q

Telogen phase

A

Resting period, 3 months 10-15 % of hair

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21
Q

What are nails made of (nail plate)

A

Keratin - grow 0.1mm/day 6 months to completely regrow

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22
Q

What is nail growth affected by

A
  1. Disease
  2. Hormone imbalance
  3. aging process
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23
Q

Hyponychium

A

area under tip of nail

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24
Q

Eponychium

A

Skin covering the nail root (stratum corneum layer)

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25
Q

paronychium

A

Soft tissue surrounding the nail bed

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26
Q

Inspect skin for (5)

A
  1. Color
  2. Moistness/dryness
  3. Temperature
  4. Texture
  5. Turgor
    Includes inspection of mucus membranes
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27
Q

Tenting of skin

A

Indicates dehyrdation

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28
Q

What to look for on dermatologic lesions (4)

A
  1. Location and distribution
  2. Lesion type: primary vs secondary
  3. Lesion arrangement
  4. Assessment for cutaneous color changes
29
Q

Distribution (areas where lesions appear)

A
  • Sun exposed vs covered
  • flexural vs extensor
  • stocking and glove
  • face, shoulders, back
  • truncal
30
Q

Primary lesions

A

Skin lesion as it first appears

31
Q

Secondary lesions

A

Skin lesion as it appears after someone as picked at it or transformed

32
Q

Macule

A

Flat circular area less than 0.5cm

33
Q

Patch

A

macule that is greater than 0.5cm

EX: vitiligo

34
Q

Papule

A

Elevated solid lesion, up to 0.5cm

Ex: wart, nevi, fibroma

35
Q

Plaque

A

a papule that is greater than 0.5cm

Ex: eczema, psoriasis, pagets disease

36
Q

Wheals

A

-elevated, solid, irregular lesion
-usually red, associated edema in cutaneous tissue
-transient, means they move around
Ex: allergic reaction or hives

37
Q

Vesicle

A

Elevated lesion filled with serous fluid. 0.5cm

Ex: herpes, chickenpox

38
Q

Bullae

A

Vesicle that is greater than 0.5cm.

Ex: blister

39
Q

Pustules

A

Collection of white blood cells (pus) usually infected. (very similar to vesicle except its pus
Ex: folliculitis

40
Q

Nodule

A

Elevated, firm lesion. Deeper in skin than a papule
Ex: lipoma
Basically a papule below the skin

41
Q

Erosion

A

secondary lesion, in which part of epidermis is lost

42
Q

Fissure

A

secondary lesion, that forms a linear crack

43
Q

Scales

A

Secondary lesion that is excess dead epidermal cells (keratin cells) flaky skin

44
Q

Atrophy (secondary lesion)

A

Depression in skin from thinning of epidermis or dermis

45
Q

Localized distribution

A

Lesion in one area

46
Q

Regional distribution

A

Specific area of the body

47
Q

Generalized distribution

A

Widely distributed lesions

48
Q

Spooning

A

Nail that has a scoop upwards, iron deficiency anemia

49
Q

Pitting

A

Many holes in the nail plate (psoriasis)

50
Q

Clubbing

A

Increased curvature of the nail plate >180 degrees, normal is 160. Also has swelling associated with it, pulmonary disease

51
Q

pallor

A

skin is pale

52
Q

rubor

A

skin redness implying inflammation

53
Q

cyanosis

A

blue skin due to lack of inadequate oxygenation

54
Q

hirsutism

A

Beard growth in women. Or back or chest

55
Q

Beau’s lines

A

Transverse depression in nail bed, systemic disease indicator

56
Q

varicosities

A

Varicose veins (twisted enlarges)

57
Q

onycholysis

A

Nail plate separates from nail bed

58
Q

alopecia

A

Sudden, rapid patchy loss of hair

59
Q

striae

A

Pink-red lines/streaks on skin. stretch marks, usually found from weight gain

60
Q

edema

A

swelling due to fluid accumulation

61
Q

dependent edema

A

swelling on lowermost parts of the body

62
Q

peau’d orange

A

A pitted or dimpled appearance of skin. Skin looks like orange peel. Found in breast cancer pt due to cellulite

63
Q

Koilonychia

A

Same as spooning

64
Q

Paronychia

A

Inflammation of the paronychium (usually has pus associated with it)

65
Q

Leukonychia

A

White spots in the nail plate from minor injury

66
Q

What is a normal skin finding in infants that would not be in adults

A

Carotenemia - yellowing of the skin due to recent baby food introduction (especially carrots). Will appear orange or yellow, but no yellowing in the sclera so it is not jaundice)

67
Q

What is a normal skin finding in the elderly but would not be in adults

A

decreased turgor. Elderly pts often have frail skin, so the turgor may not be a good indication of dehydration

68
Q

What type of skin are nevi more likely to occur

A

Light skin, whites

69
Q

What nail finding is common among dark skin people but might be abnormal on light skin people

A

Pigmented deposits or bands on the nail bed. In whites it may be indicative of melanoma

PD Block 1 (7 decks)

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