3M

Question 1

a disease that can be spread from one person to the other.

Answer 1

Communicable disease

Question 2

a non-infectious disease that cannot be spread, lifestyle related

Answer 2

Non-communicable disease

Question 3

disease

Answer 3

pathos

Question 4

microbe that can cause a disease

Answer 4

Pathogen

Question 5

study of structural and functional manifestations of the disease

Answer 5

Pathology

Question 6

the ability of the pathogen to cause a disease

Answer 6

Pathogenicity

Question 7

mechanism s involved in the development of a disease

Answer 7

Pathogenesis

Question 8

colonization by a pathogen

Answer 8

Infection

Question 9

o the virulence of the pathogen
o how the pathogen that enters the body
o number of organisms that enter the host

Answer 9

AGENT

Question 10

person’s health and nutritional status

Answer 10

HOST

Question 10

o Physical factors such as heat, location, etc.
o Availability of appropriate reservoirs, hosts, vectors
o Sanitary and housing and water supply

Answer 10

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Question 11

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD

Answer 11

AGENT
HOST
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Question 12

CHAIN OF INFECTION

Answer 12

pathogen
source of the pathogen/reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

Question 13

4 PHASES IN THE COURSE OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Answer 13

INCUBATION PERIOD
PRODROMAL PERIOD
PERIOD OF ILLNESS
CONVALESCENT PERIOD

Question 14

time between the arrival of the pathogen and the onset of symptoms

Answer 14

INCUBATION PERIOD

Question 15

person feels out sorts but doesn’t experience actual symptoms; person feels like coming down with something but is unsure about it

Answer 15

PRODROMAL PERIOD

Question 16

person experiences typical symptoms associated with that particular disease; This is where communicable diseases are easily transmitted

Answer 16

PERIOD OF ILLNESS

Question 17

patient recovers or may have permanent damage from the destruction of tissues

Answer 17

CONVALESCENT PERIOD

Question 18

infections located in one organ or organ system

Answer 18

LOCALIZED INFECTION

Question 19

infection that involves 2 or m ore organ system

Answer 19

GENERALIZED / SYSTEMIC INFECTION

Question 20

known to have a rapid onset and recovery

Answer 20

ACUTE INFECTION

Question 21

infection with a slow onset and
prolonged duration; i.e. leprosy

Answer 21

CHRONIC INFECTION

Question 22

in between; i.e. bacterial endocarditis

Answer 22

SUBACUTE INFECTION

Question 23

o experience perceived by the patient only
o subjective manifestation meaning only the patient can tell and express the presence and degree of severity of a manifestation

Answer 23

SYMPTOMS

Question 24

objective evidence of a disease

Answer 24

SIGN

Question 25

infectious disease that may go from symptomatic to asymptomatic, then sometime later go back to symptomatic

Answer 25

LATENT INFECTIONS

Question 26

infectious disease caused by one pathogen

Answer 26

PRIMARY INFECTION

Question 27

an infection that superimposes the primary infection but caused by a different pathogen

Answer 27

SECONDARY INFECTION

Question 28

STEPS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Answer 28

Entry of pathogen Attachment of pathogen to some tissues Multiplication of pathogen resulting in localized infection Spread of pathogen to neighboring tissues or to the bloodstream Evasion of host defenses Damage to host tissues

Question 29

VIRULENCE FACTORS

Answer 29

ATTACHMENT OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS CAPSULE FLAGELLA EXOENZYMES TOXINS

Question 30

some pathogens must anchor or attach them selves to target cell right after they have gained access to the body

Answer 30

ATTACHMENT

Question 31

some bacteria must live within host cells to survive and multiply. These pathogens can quickly adapt to an intracellular environment

Answer 31

OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

Question 32

Pathogens that can live both within and outside host cells. It is considered a virulence factor because these pathogens can reside practically anywhere

Answer 32

FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

Question 33

enables the flagellated (motile) bacteria to invade aqueous areas of the body, thus it also enables the bacteria to avoid phagocytosis since it’s more difficult for phagocytes to catch a moving target

Answer 33

FLAGELLA

Question 34

enzymes produced by pathogens that enable them to evade host defense mechanisms, invade, or cause damage to body tissues

Answer 34

EXOENZYMES

Question 35

exoenzymes that destroy tissues

Answer 35

Necrotizing Enzymes (proteases and lipases

Question 36

▪ causes clotting by conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin ▪ enable the pathogen to clot plasma and thereby to form a sticky coat of fibrin around themselves for protection from phagocytes

Answer 36

Coagulase

Question 37

▪ have the opposite effect of coagulase ▪ pathogens that produce kinases are able to escape from clots. It is necessary for them because normally, the host will cause a fibrin clot to form around pathogens in an attempt to wall them off and prevent them from invading deeper. If they are able to escape the clot, they will not be trapped and can certainly move away from the pathogen

Answer 37

Kinases / Fibrinolysins

Question 38

▪ also called as “spreading factor” because they dissolve hyaluronic acid and collagen enabling pathogens to invade deeper into tissues ▪ Hyaluronic acid and collagen are important structures in the tissues and blood vessels

Answer 38

Hyaluronidase

Question 39

Enzymes that cause damage to the host’s red blood cells and also provides the pathogens with a source of iron

Answer 39

Hemolysins

Question 40

breaks down phospholipids that are collectively referred to as lecithin. They are destructive to cell m em branes because the membranes are made up if phospholipid bilayer

Answer 40

Lecithinase

Question 41

breaks down collagen, produced by Clostridium perfringens

Answer 41

Collagenase

Question 42

▪ parts of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria ▪ can cause serious, adverse, physiologic effects such as fever and shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition resulting from very low blood pressure and an inadequate blood supply to body tissues and organs

Answer 42

Endotoxins

Question 43

▪ toxins that are produced within cells and then released from the cells;

Answer 43

Exotoxins

Question 44

▪ affects the Central Nervous System ▪ Produced by Clostridium botulinum

Answer 44

Neurotoxins

Question 45

▪ affect the gastrointestinal tract, often causing diarrhea and sometimes vomiting ▪ Vibrio cholerae – CHOLERA, Bacillus cereus – FOOD POISONING in IMPROPERLY COOKED FOOD, Salmonella sp. – ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS Shigella - DYSENTERY

Answer 45

Enterotoxins

Question 46

▪ causes the epidermal layers of skin to slough away ▪ Staphylococcus aureus – Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Answer 46

Exfoliative toxin

Question 47

Produced by Streptococcus pyogenes – SCARLET FEVER

Answer 47

ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN

Question 48

kills WBCS, Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 48

LEUKOCIDIN

Question 49

produced by Corynebacterium diphteriae

Answer 49

DIPHTHERIA TOXIN

Question 50

Pathogens are able to periodically change their surface antigens

Answer 50

ANTIGENIC VARIATION

Question 51

Pathogens conceal their foreign nature by coating them selves with host proteins

Answer 51

CAMOUFLAGE

Question 52

Pathogen’s surface antigens closely resemble host antigens and are therefore not recognized as being foreign

Answer 52

MOLECULAR MIMICRY