[3S] Vaccines

Question 1

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

Introducing the antigen to a system; natural or induced.

Answer 1

Active Immunization

Question 2

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

Our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen.

Answer 2

Active Immunization

Question 3

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

Protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else.

Answer 3

Passive Immunization

Question 4

Consists of antigen-induced formation of antibodies in the host and cell-mediated immunity.

Answer 4

Active Immunization

Question 5

Requires time to develop → concurrent passive and active
○ Generally inactive at the time of specific exposure.

Answer 5

Active Immunization

Question 6

Generally preferable to ____ immunization.
○ Higher antibody levels for longer periods of time
○ Less frequent immunization
○ Concurrent cell-mediated immunity

Answer 6

Passive

Question 7

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION

Duration of Immunity

Answer 7

Live vaccines > inactive vaccines

Question 8

1. Complete prevention of disease
2. Prevention of the carrier state
3. Production of prolonged immunity
4. Absence of toxicity
5. Mass immunization
   ● Inexpensive
   ● Easy to administer
6. Easy transport
7. Easy storage

Answer 8

Ideal Immunogen

Question 9

Consists of transfer of immunity to a host using preformed immunologic products

Answer 9

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

Question 10

Only used for passive immunization due to the difficulty of passive administration of cellular components of the immune system and its association with graft-versus-host reactions.

Answer 10

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

Question 11

Interferons
○ Hematologic
○ Infectious diseases

Answer 11

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

Question 12

Confer temporary immunity

Answer 12

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

Question 13

○ Antibodies from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
○ Breast milk and colostrum.

Answer 13

Natural

Question 14

CLINICAL USES

● Individuals unable to form antibodies.
● Prevention of disease when time does not permit active immunization - post-exposure.
● Treatment of certain diseases normally prevented by immunization.
● Treatment of conditions for which active immunization is unavailable or impractical.

Answer 14

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

Question 15

COMPLICATIONS

Absolute contraindication in passive immunization
○ May develop in individuals with certain immunoglobulin deficiencies.
○ Those with IgE deficiencies are at high risk.

Answer 15

Hypersensitivity reactions

Question 16

● Have a shorter half-life (around 20 days).
● Anaphylaxis to serum sickness

Answer 16

Animal Antibodies

Question 17

T/F: Anaphylaxis to serum sickness is least likely to happen with highly purified immunoglobulins (e.g. rodents or lagomorphs).

Answer 17

T

Question 18

● Lower risk of hypersensitivity reactions.
● Much longer half-life in humans (IgG 23 days vs. 5-7 days.
● Smaller doses can be administered to provide therapeutic concentration for several weeks.

Answer 18

Human Antibodies

Question 19

Preferred option for passive protection whenever
possible.

Answer 19

Human Antibodies

Question 20

STORAGE

Inactivated vaccines
Diluents for lyophilized vaccines (or room temp.)
Live attenuated influenza vaccine nasal spray

Answer 20

Refrigerator 2-8°C

Question 21

STORAGE

Lyophilized-powder live-virus vaccines

Answer 21

Freezer -15°C or colder

Question 22

VACCINE TYPE

● Weakened virus
● Reduce virulence but retain immunogenic antigens.
● Humoral and cellular responses
● Memory cells: One or two doses

Answer 22

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

Question 23

VIRUS

Measles Polio Rotavirus

Answer 23

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

Question 24

VIRUS

Yellow fever
Chickenpox

Answer 24

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

Question 25

BACTERIA Vibrio cholera Tuberculosis

Answer 25

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

Question 26

DISADVANTAGES ● Must be refrigerated to retain their activity. ● Can mutate in the host virulent and cause disease.

Answer 26

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

Question 27

Contraindications of Live Attenuated

Answer 27

● Immunocompromised individuals ● Pregnancy

Question 28

VACCINE TYPE ● Kill pathogens through: ○ Heat ○ Radiation ○ Chemicals ● Replicate or mutate (safe) ● Can be freeze-dried and transported without refrigeration.

Answer 28

INACTIVATED VACCINES

Question 29

VIRUS Polio Influenza Rabies

Answer 29

INACTIVATED VACCINES

Question 30

BACTERIA Typhoid Plague

Answer 30

INACTIVATED VACCINES

Question 31

DISADVANTAGE ● Weaker immune response ● Multiple doses

Answer 31

INACTIVATED VACCINES

Question 32

VACCINE TYPE ● Component of the microorganism ● Polysaccharides or proteins ● Considered safe because they have no live replicating pathogen present.

Answer 32

SUBUNIT VACCINES

Question 33

VACCINE TYPE Includes: ○ Recombinant subunit vaccines ○ Hepatitis B

Answer 33

SUBUNIT VACCINES

Question 34

DISADVANTAGES ○ Induce a less-robust immune system ○ Lengthy and costly to develop ○ Immunity is not guaranteed

Answer 34

SUBUNIT VACCINES

Question 35

SUBUNIT TYPE ● Sugar antigens ○ Bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan) ● Bacterial capsule polysaccharide ○ Carrier protein (diphtheria/tetanus toxoid)

Answer 35

Polysaccharide

Question 36

SUBUNIT TYPE Meningococcal infection ■ Neisseria meningitidis - Group A, C, W-135, Y

Answer 36

Polysaccharide

Question 37

SUBUNIT TYPE Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Pneumococcal - PCV7, 10, 13

Answer 37

Polysaccharide

Question 38

DISADVANTAGES ○ Not very immunogenic ○ Suboptimal immune responses (short-term immunity)

Answer 38

Polysaccharide

Question 39

SUBUNIT TYPE ● T-protein-based: Purified proteins ● Includes: ○ Acellular pertussis (aP) ○ Hepatitis B vaccines (envelop protein)

Answer 39

Surface Protein

Question 40

DISADVANTAGES ○ May not be presented in native form ○ Antibodies may not bind efficiently

Answer 40

Surface Protein

Question 41

SUBUNIT TYPE ● Immune response bind and neutralize toxins. ● Prevents cell damage in the patient. ● Safe: No live pathogens ● Stable over a wide range of temperatures and humidities.

Answer 41

Toxoids

Question 42

SUBUNIT TYPE Clostridium tetani Corynebacterium diphtheria

Answer 42

Toxoids

Question 43

DISADVANTAGES Not highly immunogenic ■ Adsorbed to adjuvants (Al or Ca salts) to increase their capacity to stimulate the immune response.

Answer 43

Toxoids

Question 44

VACCINE TYPE ● Antigenic genes: Synthetic DNA ● IM or ID ● APCs ● Both humoral and cellular

Answer 44

DNA VACCINES

Question 45

No risk of infection Cost-effective Stable Long-term protection

Answer 45

DNA VACCINES

Question 46

DISADVANTAGES ● Limit to protein antigens ● Tolerance to antigen (low immunogenicity)

Answer 46

DNA VACCINES

Question 47

VACCINE TYPE Vector: Virus/bacterium ○ Microbial genes ○ Infects or transduces host cells ● The protein code are being packaged. ● Replaces the natural gene with microbial gene.

Answer 47

RECOMBINANT VECTORS

Question 48

Includes: ○ Poxviruses (vaccinia) ○ Adenoviruses

Answer 48

RECOMBINANT VECTORS

Question 49

VACCINE TYPE ● Developed quickly using the pathogen’s genetic code. ● Change the mRNA formulation to target a new antigen.

Answer 49

mRNA VACCINE

Question 50

Non-replicating In vivo self-replicating In vivo dendritic cell non-replicating

Answer 50

RNA-Based

Question 51

Tuberculosis Oral polio vaccine (OPV) Measles Rotavirus Yellow fever

Answer 51

Live Attenuated (LAV)

Question 52

Whole-cell pertussis (wP) Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)

Answer 52

Inactivated

Question 53

Acellular pertussis (aP) Hib Pneumococcal (PCV-7/10/13) Hepatitis B

Answer 53

Subunit

Question 54

Tetanus toxoid (TT) Diphtheria toxoid

Answer 54

Toxoid