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PSYC3310 > 4 CULTURAL BELIEFS > Flashcards

4 CULTURAL BELIEFS Flashcards

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1
Q

commonly held norms moral studs of cultures

A

CULTURAL BELIEFS

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2
Q

set of ideas + understandings (both implicit + explicit) abt persons/society/nature/divinity that serve as a GUIDE TO LIFE in a particular culture

A

SYMBOLIC INHERITANCE

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3
Q

this set of ideas = expressed thru
- stories
- songs
- rituals
- sacred objects
- sacred places

A

SYMBOLIC INHERITANCE

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4
Q

defined social positions in a culture containing specifications of bhvr/status/relations w others

A

ROLES

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5
Q

cultural beliefs abt kinds of work/appearance/other aspects of bhvr that distinguish women from men

A

GENDER ROLES

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6
Q

John = expected to be a warrior in his youth but then should give up that role by middle adulthood to become part of council of elders = EX OF…

A

AGE-RELATED ROLES

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7
Q

working-class young men have distinctive dress/lang/bhvr in England = EX OF…

A

SOCIAL CLASS ROLES

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8
Q

ados become MORE AWATE of cultural beliefs bc of INCR COG CAPACITIES for ___ ___/___-___ + bc they are ___ to value certain beliefs/bhvr

A

ABSTRACT THINKING/SELF-REFLECTION; SOCIALIZED

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9
Q

process by which ppl acquire the bhvrs/beliefs of the culture in which they live

A

SOCIALIZATION

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10
Q
  1. SELF-REGULATION
  2. ROLE PREP
  3. SOURCES OF MEANING
A

3 CENTRAL OUTCOMES OF SOCIALIZATION SHARED BY ALL CULTURES

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11
Q

OUTCOME OF SOCIALIZATION: capacity for exercising SELF-CONTROL in order to restrain one’s impulses + comply w social norms

A

SELF-REGULATION

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12
Q

internal monitor of whether you are complying adequately w social norms

A

CONSCIENCE

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13
Q

OUTCOME OF SOCIALIZATION: included prep for occupational/gender/institutional roles (such as marriage/parenthood)

A

ROLE PREP

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14
Q

OUTCOME OF SOCIALIZATION: ideas/beliefs that ppl learn indicating wats important/valued/lived for + how to explain + offer consolation for indiv’s morality

A

SOURCES OF MEANING

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15
Q

SOCIALIZATION OUTCOMES can be taught either ___ (thru rlgs teachings) or ___ (thru fam customs)

A

EXPLICITLY; IMPLICITLY

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16
Q
  1. INFANCY: SELF-REGULATION = learned
  2. ADO: regulation of sexual impulses/sexual maturity
  3. LATER IN PUBERTY: young ppl reach full size/strength
  4. ADO/EMERGING ADULTHOOD: ROLE PREP = more important
A

SOCIALIZATION PROCESS THROUGHOUT DEVELOPMENT

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17
Q

cultures that place more value on INDEPENDENCE/SELF-EXPRESSION

A

INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES

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18
Q

conception of self in INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES in which self = seen as existing INDEPENDENTLY of relations w others, w emphasis on INDEPENDENCE/INDIV FREEDOM/INDIV ACHIEVEMENTS

A

INDEPENDENT SELF

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19
Q

cultures that place more value on OBEDIENCE CONFORMITY

A

COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES

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20
Q

conception of self in COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES in which self = seen as defined by ROLES/RELATIONSHIPS IN GROUP

A

INTERDEPENDENT SELF

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21
Q

WESTER CULTURES are ___ + EASTER CULTURES = ___

A

INDIVIDUALISTIC; COLLECTIVISTIC

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22
Q

INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISM describe ___/___ ___ NOT the beliefs/value of EVERY person

A

TENDENCIES/GENERAL PATTERNS

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23
Q

CHINESES young ppl = MORE likely than WESTERN young ppl to value:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. ROLE TRANSITIONS (getting married as criteria for entering adulthood, etc)
  2. NORM COMPLIANCE (avoiding getting drunk, etc)
  3. FAMILY CAPACITIES (being able to support fam, etc)
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24
Q
  • accepting responsibility for one’s actions
  • establishing equal relationship w parents
  • learning to control emotions
  • becoming less self-centred + more considerate of others
A

ATTRIBUTES OF RELATIONAL MATURITY

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25
INDIV CULTURES favour ___ SOCIALIZATION (encourage uniqueness/indep/self-expression) + COLLECT CULTURES favour ___ SOCIALIZATION (encourage obedience/conformity)
BROAD; NARROW
26
process by which persons of INDIV CULTURE come to learn INDIVIDUALISM including values of INDIV UNIQUENESS/INDEP/SELF-EXPRESSION
BROAD SOCIALIZATION
27
process by which persons of COLLECT CULTURE come to learn COLLECTIVISM including values of OBEDIENCE/CONFORMITY
NARROW SOCIALIZATION
28
1. FAMILY 2. PEERS/FRIENDS 3. SCHOOL 4. COMMUNITY 5. WORKPLACE 6. MEDIA 7. LEGAL SYSTEM 8. CULTURAL BELIEFS
8 SOURCES OF SOCIALIZATION
29
the customary practice + associated beliefs/values/sanctions/rules/motives/satisfactions that provide the basis of customary practice
CUSTOM COMPLEX
30
- ados/emerging adults should be allowed to have independent leisure time - young ppl should have right to choose relationships - some degree of sexual experience before marriage = acceptable/healthy for young ppl
WESTERN CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT DATING/FRIENDS
31
- young ppl should spend leisure time w fams - young ppl should allow parents to make decisions about who they have relationships w - young ppl's sexual experiences should only begin AFTER marriage
OTHER (COLLECT) CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT DATING/FRIENDS
32
smith act occurs NATURALLY in course of devmt as part of NORMAL maturation (rather than by envmt stimulation/specific cultural practice)
ONTOGENETIC
33
ados at 13/14/15 naturally start dating
EXAMPLE OF ONTOGENETIC THING
34
ideas based on NONRLGS beliefs/values
SECULAR
35
adherence to rlgs beliefs/practices = especially ___ among ados in EUROPE
LOW
36
AMERICANS = ___ RLGS than ppl in any other developed country
MORE
37
- LOW rate alc/drug abuse - LESS depressed - LOW rates premarital sex/delinquent bhvr - BETTER relationships w parents - MORE likely to perform volunteer service in community
ATTRIBUTES ASSOC W HIGHER RELIGIOSITY
38
month in MUSLIM year that commemorates revelation of the KORAN from God to prophet Muhammad, requiring FASTING from sunrise-sunset each day + refraining from sensual indulgences
RAMADAN
39
atheists/agnostics/spiritual but not rlgs/just not rlgs
THE "NONES"
40
EUROS = ___ rlgs than AMERICANS
LESS
41
formation of relatively coherent set of principles related to establishment of values + a philosophy of life
MORAL DEVMT
42
PIAGET suggested that ___ = dependent on COG DEVMT
MATURITY
43
PRE-OPERATIONAL reasoning stage where judgements = made based on OBEDIENCE
HETERONORMOUS MORALITY
44
- goodness = judged by whether one = obedient without regard for circumstances - anyone who disobeys deserves to be PUNISHED
ATTRIBUTES OF HETERONORMOUS MORALITY
45
morality reached when FORMAL OPERATIONS emerge at beginning of ado that involves realization that rules = social conventions that can be CHANGED
AUTONOMOUS MORALITY
46
- morality becomes more COMPLEX - ados take into account MOTIVATIONS behind actions
ATTRIBUTES OF AUTONOMOUS MORALITY
47
dude who viewed MORAL DEVMT as based on COG DEVMT such that moral thinking CHANGES in PREDICTABLE ways as cog abilities develop, regardless of culture
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
48
1. PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 1 (SELF-CENTRED) 2. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 2 (SOCIALLY-CENTRED) 3. POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 3 (CENTRED ON PRINCIPLES)
3 MAIN LEVELS OF KOHLBERGS MODEL OF MORAL DEVMT
49
1. PUNISHMENT + OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION 2. INDIVIDUALISM + PURPOSE ORIENTATION
2 STAGES WITHIN PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL OF KOHLBERGS MODEL
50
1. INTERPERSONAL CONCORDANCE ORIENTATION 2. SOCIAL SYSTEMS ORIENTATION
2 STAGES WITHIN CONVENTIONAL LEVEL OF KOHLBERGS MODEL
51
1. COMMUNITY RIGHTS + INDIV RIGHTS ORIENTATION 2. UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ORIENTATION
2 STAGES WITHIN POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL OF KOHLBERGS MODEL
52
level of KOHLBERGS model in which concepts of RIGHT + WRONG = SELF-CENTRED
PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
53
PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which rules should be OBEYED to AVOID punishment from authority
PUNISHMENT + OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
54
PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which wats right = wat satisfies one's own needs/occasionally the needs of others + wat leads to REWARDS for oneself
INDIVIDUALISM + PURPOSE ORIENTATION
55
level of KOHLBERGS model in which morality = SOCIALL-CENTRED
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
56
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which care/loyalty to others = emphasized + it is good to conform to wat others expect in a certain role
INTERPERSONAL CONCORDANCE ORIENTATION
57
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which moral judgements = explained by reference to concepts such as SOCIAL ORDER/LAW/JUSTICE
SOCIAL SYSTEMS ORIENTATION
58
level of KOHLBERGS model in which morality = centred on PRINCIPLES
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
59
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which society's laws + rules can be QUESTIONS/CHANGED if they become OBSTACLES to ideals such as FREEDOM/JUSTICE
COMMUNITY RIGHTS + INDIV RIGHTS ORIENTATION
60
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which basis of moral reasoning = independent moral code based on UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ORIENTATION
61
KOHLBERG'S research indicated that MORAL DEVMT correlated w: 1. 2. 3.
1. SES 2. INTELLIGENCE 3. EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
62
ppl use ___ LEVELS of KOHLBERGS model if NOTHING to lose + ppl use ___ LEVELS if MORE to lose
HIGHER; LOWER
63
lady who believed that the critical focus placed on abstract moral reasoning = BIASED TOWARD MALES
CAROL GILLIGAN
64
- influence of culture = LIMITED to how well cultures provide opps for indivs to reach highest level of moral development - kOHLBERGS model = NOT AGE-STAGE model like PIAGET'S - ppl reason at ALL STAGES (not fixed at 1 level/stage) - NOT EVERYONE reaches HIGHEST stage of moral devmt - moral reasoning does NOT reliably predict an indvi's moral bhvr + reasoning in any 1 situation
CRITICISMS OF KOHLBERG'S THEORY OF MORAL DEVMT
65
theories of moral devmt that = based on OBSVTNS (PIAGET) + QUESTIONNAIRES/INTERVIEWS (KOHLBERG)
NEURODEVMTL PERSPECTIVE OF MORALITY
66
studies using fMRI methods = confirming that devmtl change in ___ ___ underlies changes obsved in moral judgements
BIO MATURATION
67
student of SCHWEDER who believed that ultimate basis of morality = persons's WORLDVIEW
JENSEN
68
set of cultural beliefs that explain wat it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted + how human probs should be addressed
WORLDVIEW
69
outcome of mORAL REASONING = ___ ___
MORAL EVALUATIONS
70
judgements as to whether a bhvr = RIGHT/WRONG
MORAL EVALUATIONS
71
MORAL REASONING → MORAL EVALUATIONS → MORAL BHVRS → WORLDVIEWS
RELATIONSHIP BTWN MORAL REASONING + WORLDVIEWS
72
1. ETHIC OF AUTONOMY 2. ETHIC OF COMMUNITY 3. ETHIC OF DIVINITY
3 TYPES OF ETHICS BASED ON DIFF WORLD VIEWS THAT PPL USE TO RESPOND TO MORAL ISSUES (JENSEN)
73
TYPE OF ETHIC in which indiv = primary moral authority
ETHIC OF AUTONOMY
74
TYPE OF ETHIC in which indivs = members of social groups to which they have commitments + obligations
ETHIC OF COMMUNITY
75
TYPE OF ETHIC in which indiv = spiritual entity subject to prescriptions of divine authority
ETHIC OF DIVINITY
76
POLITICAL thinking involves ABSTRACT ideas abt: 1. 2. 3.
1. JUSTICE 2. HUMAN RIGHTS 3. DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
77
scholars who worked on POLITICAL DEVMT in ado similar to KOHLBERG
ADLESON
78
ADLESON thought that only variable liked to POLITICAL THINKING = ___
AGE
79
1. change in COGNITIVE MODE 2. sharp DECLINE in support for AUTHORITARIAN political systems 3. devmt of capacity for IDEOLOGY
3 KEY CHANGES INCLUDED IN SHIFT IN POLITICAL THINKING FOR ADOS FROM 12-16
80
the INCR in use of ABSTRACT ideas + INCR in tendency to see laws as HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS that can be CHANGED
CHANGE IN COGNITIVE MODE
81
YOUNGER ados = ___ AUTHORITARIAN than OLDER ados
MORE
82
1. ados being to have capacity to think MORE ABSTRACTLY 2. ados = SOCIALIZED into political ideas in societies in which they live
2 REASONS WHY ABSTRACT POLITICAL BELIEFS DEVELOP
83
YOUNG ados see laws as ___/___
ETERNAL/UNCHANGEABLE
84
EMERGING ADULTS have ___ conventional political participation than ADULTS + PREV GEN bc they tend to be ___ of motivations of politicians
LOWER; SKEPTICAL

PSYC3310 (13 decks)

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