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My Anatomy and Physiology > 4. Electrolytes and Transport Mechanism > Flashcards

4. Electrolytes and Transport Mechanism Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Why is water balance interdependent with electrolyte balance?

A

Solutes move, water follows

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2
Q

How do electrolytes move across plasma membranes?

A

Electrolytes move across plasma membrane by diffusion then water follows by osmosis

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3
Q

What electrolytes are outside the cell?

A

Na+ 150 mmol/L

K+ 5.5 mmol/L

Cl- 125 mmol/L

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4
Q

What electrolytes are inside the cell?

A

Na+ 15 mmol/L

K+ 150 mmol/L

Cl- 9 mmol/L

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5
Q

Are there more sodium ions inside of outside the cell?

A

There are more sodium ions outside the cell

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6
Q

Are there more potassium ions inside or outside the cell?

A

There a more potassium ions inside the cell

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7
Q

Are there more chlorine ions inside or outside the cell?

A

There are more chlorine ions outside the cell

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8
Q

What is the most dominant extracellular ion?

A

Sodium (Na+)

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9
Q

What do sodium ions do?

A

Create osmotic pressure - sodium draws more water in, volume of blood and pressure of blood goes up

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10
Q

What is the normal plasma range for sodium ions?

A

0.5g or 135-145mmol/L

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11
Q

What are sodium ions needed for?

A

Nerve conduction (excited nerve cell, na+ rushes in, allows electrical impulses to travel through)

Propagation of action potential

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12
Q

What controls the amount of sodium?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Aldosterone

(opposte of each other)

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13
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do?

A

Causes kidneys to lose more sodium

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14
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Steroid hormone

Similar structure to testosterone

Makes kidneys reabsorb sodium

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15
Q

What is hypernatraemia and what are the symptoms?

A

Too much sodium

Caused by high dietary na+ or infusion of hypertonis saline or water loss or over secretion of aldosterone

Symptoms: thirst, fever, convulsions, raised BP?

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16
Q

What is hyponatraemia and what are the symptoms?

A

Too little sodium

Caused by inadequate intake of Na+ or vomitting or diarrhoea or burns

Symptoms: lethargy, confusion, reduced BP

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17
Q

What are potassium ions used for?

A

Nerve conduction - returning cell to its resting state after excitation

Muscles, excitatable cells e.g. neurons

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18
Q

What is the normal serum range of potassium ions?

A

3.5-5.0mmol/L

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19
Q

What is hyperkalaemia and are the symptoms?

A

Too much potassium

>5mmol/L

Due to increased renal excretion or burns or cell trauma

Symptoms: irritability, muscle weakness - extreme cardiac arrest

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20
Q

What is hypokalaemia and are the symptoms?

A

Too little potassium

<3.5mmol/L

Symptoms: abnormal ECG, bradycardia, muscle cramps, decreased tone in muscles

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21
Q

How long does stored blood last and why?

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A

21-35 days as K+ leakage - plasma becomes hyperkalaemic, as red blood cells have no nucleus they can’t repair themselves

Due to improved cyropreservation now 10yrs

22
Q

What is the normal plasma concentration of calcium ions?

23
Q

What are calcium ions required for?

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A

Healthy bones and teeth and nerve excitability

24
Q

What controls calcium ion levels?

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A

Pathyroid hormone increases levels

Calcitonin decreases levels

25
What is hypercalcaemia and what are the symptoms?
Too much calcium Due to excess parathyroid hormone Causes fatigue and weakness
26
What is hypocalcaemia and what are the symptoms?
Too little calcium Caused by vitamin D deficiency Symptoms: muscle cramps - neuromuscular excitability
27
Name some other electrolytes and their uses in the body?
Magnesium (Mg 2+) affects other ions Chloride (Cl -) balancing HCL in stomach Bicarbonae (HCO 3-) acid/base balance Phosphorus (Phosphate PO4 3-) works like calcium, bones and teeth
28
What can cause electrolyte imbalance?
Drud treatments e.g. diuretics effects K+ levels Patient dependent e.g. on diet
29
What would you do for electrolyte overdose?
Cation exchange resins promote the body to excrete excess electroyltes
30
How do electrolytes get into and out of the cell?
Plasma membranes
31
How does the plasma membrane help maintain homeostasis of the cell?
Defines cell boundaries Controls interactions with other cells Regulates what goes in and out of cell (selective permeability)
32
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic - proteins (and carbohydrates) sandwiched between two layers of phopholipid in an oily film
33
What is the membrane made up of?
90-99% Lipids 1-10% Proteins (these are heavier and account for half of weight)
34
What is a phopholipid bilayer?
Hydrophilic heads outside Hydrophobic tails in the centre (think washing hair not washing feet) Cholesterol makes membrance "fluid" (if cholesterol level is low membrane goes more rigid)
35
Where are the membrane proteins found?
Across the plasma membrane OR Adhered to the intracellular surface
36
What do membrane proteins do?
Cell identity markers (antigens which identify cell as being one of yours) Receptors Channels, carriers and pumps Cell-adhesion molecules Enzymes
37
Are channel proteins always open?
Some are and they allow water and hydrophilic solutes to diffuse in and out of the cells Others are always closed and only open when chemical messengers bind to them, this causes the voltage to change across the membrane mechanically stretching it. They control passage of electrolytes, this is important in nerve signals and muscle contractions
38
What are carriers?
Bind to solutes and transfer them across the membrane Those using ATP are called PUMPS (against concentration gradient) Balancing role (down conc gradient = no energy required, up conc gradient =energy required)
39
Desribe carrier mediated transport?
Proteins in the cell membrane carry solutes through it It's either passive (facilitated diffusion down concentration gradient) Or active (energy requiring) Solute binds to specific receptor on carrier Carrier can get saturated
40
Is facilitated diffusion passive or active?
Passive
41
Does facilitated diffusion go up or down concentration gradient?
Down concentration gradient, with a carier, does not require energy
42
Describe facilitated diffusion?
Solute binds to carrier Carrier changes shape Carrier releases solute on other side e.g. glucose
43
Does active transport go up or down concentration gradient?
Up conc gradient, carrier requires ATP
44
Describe active transport?
Substance binds to carrier ATP phosphorlates carrier Carrier changes shape Carrier releases substance e.g. sodium-potassium pump which pumps sodium out and potassium in
45
What is the purpose of sodium-potassium pump?
Pump sodium out, potassium in Regulates cell volume Maintains membrane potential
46
What is exocytosis?
Eliminating or secreting material from cell (insulin can be released this way)
47
What is Na+ used for?
Osmotic balance Body fluid volume Nerve conduction Acid-base balance
48
What is Cl- used for?
Essential for gastric acid production Balancing ion
49
What is PO4 - used for?
Acid-base balance Bone formation Metabolism of carbohydrates Found in DNA
50
What is Ca 2+ used for?
Bone formation Muscle contraction Blood clotting Nerve impulses
51
What is K+ used for?
Nerve conduction High conc inside cell Carbohydrate conversion into energy

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