5. Nervous System

Question 1

What are the two branches of the STRUCTURAL nervous system?

Answer 1

Central nervous system which consists of brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system which consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 2

What are the two branches of the FUNCTIONAL nervous system?

Answer 2

1. ) Somatic which is a.) motor - skeletal muscle and b.) sensory - pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception and special senses
2. ) Autonomic (viscera - any organs) which is a.) sympathetic and b.) parasympathetic

Question 3

What is a neurone?

Answer 3

Nerve cell

Basic functional unit of the nervous system

Relays info between:

• different regions of the CNS
• CNS and PNS

CNS and other body systems

Question 4

Label the neurone

Answer 4

Question 5

What is a nerve?

Answer 5

A bundle of axons carrying information from the CNS to the rest of the body or from the rest of the body to the CNS

Question 6

Where do nerves enter and level the CNS?

Answer 6

Cranial nerves

• 12 pairs
• arise from the brain

Spinal nerves

• 31 pairs
• arise from the spinal cord

Question 7

Label the cross section of the brain

Answer 7

Question 8

What is in the diencephalon?

Answer 8

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 9

What is in the brainstem?

Answer 9

Pons, medulla and midbrain

Question 10

What is the function of the brains folded arangement?

Answer 10

Increases surface area

Question 11

Where is the cerebellum?

Answer 11

Lies posterior to brainstem

Question 12

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 12

Involved in maintenance of:

• balance
• posture
• muscle tone

Co-ordinates movement

Question 13

What does the brain stem do?

Answer 13

Contains ascending and descending nerve fibre tracts

Cranial nerves III-XII arise from brain stem

Contains vital centres such as cardiovascular and respiratory centres

Question 14

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 14

Important relay station for sensory information

Question 15

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 15

Hormone secretion

Intergrating centre for ANS

Thermoregulation

Hunger and satiety centres

Thirst centre

Question 16

Describe the cerebrum?

Answer 16

2 hemispheres

Sulci (burrows) and gyri (ridges)

Cortex is grey matter on outside of brain containing nerve cell bodies

Connecting fibres is white matter (axons with myelin make it appear white)

Basal gangli is grey matter

Question 17

What and where is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 17

Big sulci dividing two cerebral hemispheres

Question 18

Label the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 18

Question 19

What does the frontal lobe do?

Answer 19

Motor cortex - involved in intellect, planning, mood, social judgement etc

Question 20

What does the parietal lobe do?

Answer 20

Somatosensory cotex - general sensation and taste

Question 21

What does the temporal lobe do?

Answer 21

Auditory cortex

Question 22

What does the occipital lobe do?

Answer 22

Visual cortex

Question 23

What do the positions s, p, i and a mean?

Answer 23

Superior - above

Posterior - behind

Inferior - below

Anterior - infront

Question 24

Where is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 24

Precentral gyrus

Question 25

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 25

Post central gyrus

Question 26

Label the cerebrum

Answer 26

Question 27

What are the symptoms of brocca damage?

Answer 27

Know what they want to say but struggle to say it

Question 28

What are the symptoms of wernicke damage?

Answer 28

Words are fine but word order and language bad

Question 29

What is the function of the meninges?

Answer 29

Protect brain from skull

Question 30

How many layers of protective tissue make up the meninges?

Answer 30

3 dura mater on outside, arachnoid mater in middle and pia mater in middle

Question 31

What is the dura mater like?

Answer 31

Outer layer, very durable, like big bag going around brain

Question 32

What is arachnoid mater like?

Answer 32

Things coming off looks like spider legs, sub arachnoid space is underneath

Question 33

What's in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 33

CSF

Question 34

What is the purpose of CSF?

Answer 34

Bathes brain and keeps it buoyant

Question 35

What is the pia mater like?

Answer 35

Pia mater covers all gyri and sulci and goes in depressions

Question 36

What is the ventricular system?

Answer 36

The ventricles are interconnecting chambers that produce CSF

Question 37

Label and describe the ventricles

Answer 37

Lateral ventricles x2 (cerebral hemispheres) Third ventricle (lateral walls formed by thalamus) Cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd to 4th ventricle) Fourth ventricle (betwen brainstem and cerebellum)

Question 38

What supplies blood to brain?

Answer 38

Internal carotid arteries and certebral arteries

Question 39

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 39

12 pairs

Question 40

Where do cranial nerves arise from?

Answer 40

From the brain (10 from brainstem)

Question 41

What kind of fibres do cranial nerves carry?

Answer 41

Some carry only motor fibres, some only sensory fibres and some both, four pairs also carry parasympathetic fibres

Question 42

Name the cranial nerves and their function

Answer 42

Nerve names: Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel (a) Virgin Girl's Vagina And Hymen Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear (formerly Auditory), Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal Nerve Function (Sensory, Motor, Both): Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter More

Question 43

Describe the spinal cord?

Answer 43

Supported and protected by vertebral column, continuous with brain stem, terminates at the conus medullaris (level L1)

Question 44

Name the spinal segments?

Answer 44

31 spinal segments and associated pairs of spinal nerves from top to bottom: 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Question 45

How many layers make up the spinal meninges and what are they called?

Answer 45

3 - dura mater on outside, arachnoid mater middle, pia mater inside

Question 46

Where is the majority of CSF produced?

Answer 46

Choroid plexus

Question 47

Where is CSF drawn from during lumbar puncture?

Answer 47

Subarachnoid space at Cauda equina (horses tail)

Question 48

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 48

(Medullay cone) is Lower end of spinal cord

Question 49

Where is an epidural injected?

Answer 49

On dura mater