4: History of Philosophy Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are the Four Periods of the History of Philosophy?
- Ancient
- Medieval
- Modern
- Contemporary
What are some major figures of the Ancient period?
- The Pre-Socratics
- Socrates
- Plato
- Aristotle
- Stoics
- St. Augustine
Mention some examples of the Pre-Socratic school?
- The Milesians
- Pythagoras
- Xenophanes
- Anaxagoras
- Sophists
What is important about the Milesians?
- They were the first people to give non-religious answers to their questions about nature
What is Xenophanes’s contribution to Philosophy?
- Epistemology
- Rational Theology
- “Horses would draw the gods as horses”
What are the characteristics of the Sophists?
- Itinerant teachers
- Taught people how to argue by making their argument stronger than it actually was
What is the time frame of Ancient Philosophy?
From 6th century BCE to 4th century BCE
- with the exception of Stoics and Augustine
What is the time frame of Medieval Philosophy?
Most notably from 11th century to 14th century CE
What are the major figures of Medieval Philosophy?
Because Medieval Philosophy was dominated by the Catholic church, they were mostly Christian philosophers
- St. Anselm
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- William of Ockham
- Francis Bacon
- Thomas Hobbes
- Jewish and Muslims Philosophers
What was one of St. Anselm’s contributions to Philosophy?
- Ontological Argument
What was one of St. Thomas Aquinas’s contribution to Philosophy?
- Five Ways (arguments for God’s existence)
What was one of William of Ockham’s contribution to Philosophy?
- Ockham’s Razor
- All things being equal, the simpler explanation is more likely to be the correct one.
What was one of Francis’s Bacon contribution to Philosophy?
- Induction
- Scientific Reasoning and Method
What was one of Thomas Hobbes’ contribution to Philosophy?
- Leviathan
- major work of the ideal state
What is the time frame of Modern Philosophy?
Especially 17th-18th century
What was one major question in Modern Philosophy and how it is divided?
- The nature of knowledge and how knowledge is aquired.
- Divided in three schools:
- Rationalism
- use of reason, strict deduction
- innate ideas
- Empiricism
- through experience
- tabula rasa
- Idealism
- Rationalism
What are some major figures of the Rationalist schools?
- Rene Descartes
- Benedictus Spinoza
- Gottfried Leibniz
What are some major figures of the Empiricist school?
- John Locke
- Bishop Berkeley
- David Hume
What are some major figures of the Idealist school?
- Immanuel Kant
- G.W.F. Hegel
What is the time frame of Contemporary Philosophy?
19th century - present
In what two parts is Contemporary Philosophy divided?
- Continental Philosophy - European Continent
- Anglo-American (Analytic) Philosophy - England and US
What are some major figures and “isms” of Continental Philosophy?
- Kierkegaard
- Karl Marx
- Nietzsche
- Heidegger
- Sartre
- Simone de Beauvior
- Neo-Marxism
- Deconstructionism
- Post-structuralism
- Feminism
What are some major figures of Anglo-American (Analytic) Philosophy?
- John Stuart Mill
- William James
- Bertrand Russell
- Wittgenstein
- Gilbert Ryle
- Karl Popper
- W.V.O. Quine
- John Searle
Who is Socrates?
- Wrote nothing
- Teacher of Plato
- Disdain for empirical enquiry
- Focused on universals
- Justice
- Goodness
- Virtue
- Improvement of the Soul
- Father of Moral Philosophy
