4 Homeopathy (v.0.2)

Question 1

intricacies

• I am interested in the role of medicine, our beliefs about the body and healing, and I am fascinated — in my day job — by the intricacies of how we can gather evidence for the benefits and risks of a given intervention.

Answer 1

[‘ɪntrɪkəsɪ] 1) запутанность, сложность Syn: complexity , complicacy 2) лабиринт Syn: labyrinth , maze 1.

Question 2

trial

• By the end of this section you will know more about evidence-based medicine and trial design than the average doctor.
• You will understand how trials can go wrong, and give false positive results, how the placebo effect works, and why we tend to overestimate the efficacy of pills.
• Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
• If you go to Boots the Chemists website, www. bootslearningstore.co.uk, for example, and take their 16-plus teaching module for children on alternative therapies, you will see, amongst the other gobbledegook about homeopathic remedies, that they are teaching how Hahnemanns provings were clinical trials.
• Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy.
• I demand a fair trial These theoretical improbabilities are interesting, but theyre not going to win you any arguments: Sir fohn Forbes, physician to Queen Victoria, pointed out the dilution problem in the nineteenth century, and 150 years later the discussion has not moved on.
• The first trial appears in the Old Testament, and interestingly, although nutritionism has only recently become what we might call the bollocks du jour, it was about food.
• Daniel, on the other hand, was willing to compromise, so he suggested the first ever clinical trial: And Daniel said unto the guard … Submit us to this test for ten days.
• To an extent, thats all there is to it: theres nothing particularly mysterious about a trial, and if we wanted to see whether homeopathy pills work, we could do a very similar trial.
• In a trial — or sometimes routinely in outpatients clinic — we might ask people to measure their knee pain on a scale of one to ten every day, in a diary.

Answer 2

[‘traɪəl] / 1. 1) испытание, проба I took the car out for a trial on the roads. — Я взял автомобиль, чтобы испытать его на дороге. We plan to release a prototype this autumn for trial in hospitals. — Мы планируем выпустить этой осенью пробную партию, чтобы испытать её в больницах. He had just given a trial to a young woman who said she had previous experience. — Он как раз взял на испытательный срок девушку, которая сказала, что у неё есть опыт работы. trial balloon — ‘‘пробный шар’’, зондаж (обычно общественного мнения) - on trial - give a trial 2) переживание, тяжёлое испытание; искушение; злоключение to put on trial — подвергать серьёзному испытанию 3) причина недовольства или раздражения That child is a real trial to me. — Этот ребёнок - сущее наказание для меня. 4) судебное разбирательство; судебный процесс, суд open / public trial — открытый суд at a trial — на суде to be on (one’s) trial — быть под судом to stand / undergo trial — представать перед судом to bring to / put on trial — привлекать к суду to give a fair trial — судить по закону, справедливо She testified at his trial. — Она давала показания во время суда над ним. He was on trial for murder. — Его судили за убийство. They believed that his case would never come to trial. — Они полагали, что его дело никогда не дойдёт до суда. He will go on trial later this month charged with murder. — В конце месяца он предстанет перед судом по обвинению в убийстве. He was found to be mentally unfit to stand trial. — Его признали психически невменяемым, и его нельзя было привлечь к суду. speedy trial — безотлагательное судебное разбирательство - closed trial - court trial - jury trial - war-crimes trial

Question 3

foster

• This process of professionalising the obvious fosters a sense of mystery around science, and health advice, which is unnecessary and destructive.
• All too often this spurious privatisation of common sense is happening in areas where we could be taking control, doing it ourselves, feeling our own potency and our ability to make sensible decisions; instead we are fostering our dependence on expensive outside systems and people.
• More importantly, you will also see how a health myth can be created, fostered and maintained by the alternative medicine industry, using all the same tricks on you, the public, which big pharma uses on doctors.
• In order to do this, they must mystify and overcomplicate diet, and foster your dependence upon them.
• But the media nutritionists speak beyond the evidence: often it is about selling pills; sometimes it is about selling dietary fads, or new diagnoses, or fostering dependence; but it is always driven by their desire to create a market for themselves, in which they are the expert, whereas you are merely bamboozled and ignorant.
• Private companies, meanwhile, have top-dollar publicrelations firepower, one single issue to promote, time to foster relationships with interested journalists, and a wily understanding of the desires of the public and the media, our collective hopes and consumer dreams.
• Carole Caplin was a New Age guru, a life coach and a people person, although her boyfriend, Peter Foster, was a convicted fraudster.
• Foster helped arrange the Blairs property deals, and he also says that they took Leo to a New Age healer, Jack Temple, who offered crystal dowsing, homoeopathy, herbalism and neolithic-circle healing in his back garden.
• Im not sure how much credence to give to Fosters claims myself, but the impact on the MMR scare is that they were widely reported at the time.
• In his youth, Ned had fostered at the Eyrie, and the childless Lord Arryn had become a second father to him and his fellow ward, Robert Baratheon.

Answer 3

[‘fɔstə] / 1) воспитывать, обучать, растить, проявлять родительскую заботу (о ком-л.) Syn: nurture 2. 2) затаить, питать (какое-л. чувство) ; лелеять (надежду) 3) поощрять, побуждать, стимулировать; одобрять Syn: encourage

Question 4

paradigmatic

• Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.

Answer 4

[ˌpærədɪg’mætɪk] парадигматический

Question 5

heritage

• Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
• Studies of skin pigmentation (some specifically performed in Brazil) show that skin pigmentation seems not to be related to the extent of your African heritage, and suggest that colour may be coded for by a fairly small number of genes, and probably doesnt blend and even out as Oliver suggests.

Answer 5

[‘herɪtɪʤ] / наследство; наследие priceless heritage — бесценное наследие proud heritage — наследие, которым гордятся rich heritage — богатое наследие cultural heritage — культурное наследие family heritage — семейное наследие religious heritage — религиозное наследие to cherish one’s heritage — хранить наследство to repudiate one’s heritage — отрекаться от наследства Syn: inheritance

Question 6

elaborate

• The simple theme running through all these products is that you can hoodwink your body, when in reality there are finely tuned homeostatic mechanisms, huge, elaborate systems with feedback and measuring devices, constantly calibrating and recalibrating the amounts of various different chemical constituents being sent to different parts of your body.
• Look closely at the label or advert, and you will routinely find that you are being played in an elaborate semantic game, with the complicity of the regulators: its rare to find an explicit claim, that rubbing this particular magic ingredient on your face will make you look better.
• Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
• These ten firm strikes are still carried out in homeopathy pill factories today, sometimes by elaborate, specially constructed robots.
• Closer to home for the alternative therapists, the BMJ recently published an article comparing two different placebo treatments for arm pain, one of which was a sugar pill, and one of which was a ritual, a treatment modelled on acupuncture: the trial found that the more elaborate placebo ritual had a greater benefit.
• Eighty-four female room attendants working in various hotels were divided into two groups: one group was told that cleaning hotel rooms is good exercise and satisfies the Surgeon Generals recommendations for an active lifestyle, along with elaborate explanations of how and why; the control group did not receive this cheering information, and just carried on cleaning hotel rooms.
• Will they smile, nod, and agree that their rituals have been carefully and elaborately constructed over many centuries of trial and error to elicit the best placebo response possible?
• To stop them trying to work out if wed invented anything clever like radar (which we had), the British instead started an elaborate and entirely made-up nutritionist rumour.
• In the court case, paperwork was produced as evidence in which Horrobin explicitly said things like: Obviously you could not advertise [evening primrose oil] for these purposes but equally obviously there are ways of getting the information across … Company memos described elaborate promotional schemes: planting articles on their research in the media, deploying researchers to make claims on their behalf, using radio phone-ins and the like.
• The streets of Pentos were pitch-dark when they set out in Illyrios elaborately carved palanquin.

Answer 6

[ɪ’læb(ə)rɪt] / ; = elaborative 1) а) тщательно, детально разработанный; продуманный; законченный; скрупулёзный, доскональный elaborate preparations — тщательные приготовления elaborate precautions — тщательные меры предосторожности б) искусно сделанный, тонкой работы; замысловатый elaborate pattern — изысканный узор, рисунок elaborate design — замысловатая конструкция в) улучшенный, усовершенствованный 2) старательный, аккуратный; усердный Syn: careful , painstaking 2. [ɪ’læb(ə)reɪt] 1) а) детально разрабатывать (тему, вопрос) ; конкретизировать, развивать, уточнять Please elaborate on this question, we need to know more. — Пожалуйста, проработайте этот вопрос подробнее, нам нужно больше данных. б) придавать законченный вид (теории, изобретению, произведению искусства) 2) производить; вырабатывать, перерабатывать (о синтезе веществ в природе) ; превращать, преобразовывать Honey is elaborated by the bee. — Мёд производят пчёлы. The sun, under whose influence one plant elaborates nutriment for man. — Солнце, под действием которого растение вырабатывает питание для человека.

Question 7

veracity

• Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.

Answer 7

[və’ræsətɪ] 1) правдивость I doubt the veracity of his words. — Я сомневаюсь в правдивости его слов. 2) достоверность, точность Authors of the greatest authority and veracity. — Самые авторитетные и заслуживающие доверия авторы. to doubt smb.’s veracity — усомниться в достоверности слов кого-л. Syn: exactness , precision 3) правда, правдивое высказывание, истина

Question 8

proponents

• Homeopathy is perhaps the paradigmatic example of an alternative therapy: it claims the authority of a rich historical heritage, but its history is routinely rewritten for the PR needs of a contemporary market; it has an elaborate and sciencey-sounding framework for how it works, without scientific evidence to demonstrate its veracity; and its proponents are quite clear that the pills will make you better, when in fact they have been thoroughly researched, with innumerable trials, and have been found to perform no better than placebo.
• A large number of proponents and opponents of state executions were collected.
• The proponents and opponents of capital punishment were each further divided into two smaller groups.
• So, overall, half of the proponents and opponents of capital punishment had their opinion reinforced by before ⁄ after data, but challenged by state ⁄ state data, and vice versa.
• Half the proponents of capital punishment, for example, picked holes in the idea of state ⁄ state comparison data, on methodological grounds, because that was the data that went against their view, while they were happy with the before ⁄ after data; but the other half of the proponents of capital punishment rubbished the before ⁄ after data, because in their case they had been exposed to before ⁄ after data which challenged their view, and state ⁄ state data which supported it.

Answer 8

[prə’pəunənt] 1) рекомендатель; предлагающий что-л. на обсуждение Syn: propounder , proposer 2) защитник, сторонник, поборник Syn: adherent , follower

Question 9

devised

• Homeopathy was devised by a German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann in the late eighteenth century.
• Hahnemann decided that the process had to be performed in a very specific way, with an eye on brand identity, or a sense of ritual and occasion, so he devised a process called succussion.
• Moreover, at the time that homeopathy was first devised by Hahnemann, nobody even knew that these problems existed, because the Italian physicist Amadeo Avogadro and his successors hadnt yet worked out how many molecules there are in a given amount of a given substance, let alone how many atoms there are in the universe.

Answer 9

[dɪ’vaɪz] / 1. 1) разрабатывать, продумывать (планы, идеи) ; выдумывать, изобретать Syn: conceive , contrive , formulate , invent , think out , plot I 2. 2) завещать (недвижимость) Syn: bequeath 2. ; 1) завещание; завещательный отказ недвижимости 2) завещанное имущество (в т.ч. недвижимое)

Question 10

purging

• At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
• It was first proposed in the seventeenth century by John Baptista van Helmont, a Belgian radical who challenged the academics of his day to test their treatments like blood-letting and purging (based on theory) against his own, which he said were based more on clinical experience: Let us take out of the hospitals, out of the Camps, or from elsewhere, two hundred, or five hundred poor People, that have Fevers, Pleurisies, etc.
• He was purging Lord Arryn with wasting potions and pepper juice, and I feared he might kill him.”

Answer 10

[pɜːʤ] / 1. 1) очищение; очистка 2) чистка 3) слабительное Syn: laxative , purgative 2. 1) а) очищать, прочищать to purge oneself of prejudices and predispositions — избавиться от предубеждений и предвзятости б) счищать, удалять (что-л.) This medicine will help to purge away the poison in your blood. — Это лекарство поможет вывести яд из крови. How can I purge this shame from my heart? — Как мне смыть этот стыд? 2) искупать (вину) ; оправдываться to purge an offence — искупить проступок Only my father’s death purged me of the guilt that I had felt. — Только смерть моего отца избавила меня от угрызений совести. 3) проводить чистку The Party must be purged of disloyal members. — Партию нужно очистить от нелояльных элементов. 4) а) очищать кишечник; давать слабительное б) слабить

Question 11

conjured up

• At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
• The theory of like cures like which he conjured up on that day is, in essence, the first principle of homeopathy.

Answer 11

[‘kʌnʤə] / 1) показывать фокусы She’s been conjuring with rabbits for several years now, I can only conjure with the aid of my young brother. — Она уже несколько лет показывает фокусы с кроликами, а у меня выходит, только если мне помогает младший брат. 2) заниматься колдовством, магией 3) = conjure up вызывать в воображении This music conjures up a picture of flowing water. — Слушая эту музыку, воображаешь струящиеся потоки воды. 4) вызывать, заклинать (духов) Each angekok has his own guardian spirit, or familiar, whom he conjures, and consults as his oracle. — Каждый эскимосский шаман имеет своего духа-хранителя, или домашнего духа, которого он вызывает и с которым советуется как с оракулом. Syn: summon 5) ; = conjure up сделать как по волшебству; сотворить чудо Jim’s sister conjured up a meal in minutes. — За какие-то минуты сестра Джима сотворила кое-что поесть. 6) [kən’ʤuə] молить, заклинать Syn: beseech , implore •• a name to conjure with — влиятельное лицо; большое влияние

Question 12

arbitrary

• At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
• On this template, science is portrayed as groundless, incomprehensible, didactic truth statements from scientists, who themselves are socially powerful, arbitrary, unelected authority figures.
• It also reinforces the humanities graduate journalists parody of science, for which we now have all the ingredients: science is about groundless, changeable, didactic truth statements from arbitrary unelected authority figures.
• What the MRSA episode reveals to me, alongside a gut-wrenching and cavalier grandiosity, is the very same parody that we saw in our earlier review of nonsense science stories: humanities graduates in the media, perhaps feeling intellectually offended by how hard they find the science, conclude that it must simply be arbitrary, made up nonsense, to everyone.
• The scientific content of stories — the actual experimental evidence — is brushed over and replaced with didactic statements from authority figures on either side of the debate, which contributes to a pervasive sense that scientific advice is somehow arbitrary, and predicated upon a social role — the expert — rather than on transparent and readily understandable empirical evidence.
• The simplest approach is to pick an arbitrary authority figure: a doctor, perhaps, although this seems not to be appealing (in surveys people say they trust doctors the most, and journalists the least: this shows the flaw in that kind of survey).
• Only 35 per cent of stories were rated satisfactory for whether the journalist had discussed the study methodology and the quality of the evidence (because in the media, as we have seen repeatedly in this book, science is about absolute truth statements from arbitrary authority figures in white coats, rather than clear descriptions of studies, and the reasons why people draw conclusions from them).

Answer 12

[‘ɑːbɪtr(ə)rɪ] / 1) произвольный, случайный arbitrary choice — случайный выбор; выбор наудачу Their whole scheme of interpretation is purely arbitrary. — Вся их схема объяснения совершенно произвольна. Syn: accidental , casual 2) капризный 3) деспотический arbitrary rule — деспотизм, произвол власти arbitrary government — автократия His arbitrary decision led to a confrontation. — Его волюнтаристское решение привело к конфронтации. The conduct of the Archbishop appears to have been arbitrary and harsh. — Поведение архиепископа производило впечатление резкого, даже деспотичного. •• arbitrary signs and symbols — условные знаки и обозначения

Question 13

fairly

• The first is this: you can use hocus pocus — or what Plato euphemistically called a noble myth — to make people do something fairly sensible like drink some water and have an exercise break.
• At a time when mainstream medicine consisted of blood-letting, purging and various other ineffective and dangerous evils, when new treatments were conjured up out of thin air by arbitrary authority figures who called themselves doctors, often with little evidence to support them, homeopathy would have seemed fairly reasonable.
• We should remember, though, that the improbability of homeopaths claims for how their pills might work remains fairly inconsequential, and is not central to our main observation, which is that they work no better than placebo.
• That makes it a fairly rubbish study.
• Overall, doing research robustly and fairly does not necessarily require more money, it simply requires that you think before you start.
• Dr Thompson — from what I have seen — is a fairly clear-thinking and civilised homeopath.
• So could you fairly characterise this Newsnight performance as lying?
• In defence of almost all nutritionists, I would argue that they lack the academic experience, the ill-will, and perhaps even the intellectual horsepower necessary to be fairly derided as liars.
• I can imagine plenty of reasons why you might find that people who eat olive oil have fewer wrinkles; and the olive oil having a causative role, an actual physical effect on your skin when you eat it, is fairly low down on my list.
• Whats more fun is to take our new understanding and apply it to one of the key claims of the nutrition-ism movement, and indeed to a fairly widespread belief in general: the claim that you should eat more antioxidants.

Answer 13

[‘feəlɪ] / 1) красиво, мило The table was set fairly. — Стол был чудесно сервирован. 2) спокойно; вежливо (о поведении человека) Syn: quietly 3) должным образом 4) беспристрастно, объективно, справедливо The story was told fairly and objectively. — История была рассказана честно и объективно. Syn: impartially , without bias 5) довольно; в некоторой степени fairly easy problem — довольно простая задачка - fairly good Syn: rather 6) чётко, ясно, отчётливо, явно I have fairly seen him. — Я отчётливо его разглядела. Syn: absolutely , quite

Question 14

competition

• Hahnemanns theories differed from the competition because he decided — and theres no better word for it — that if he could find a substance which would induce the symptoms of a disease in a healthy individual, then it could be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person.
• Twenty thousand to the man who comes second, another twenty to the winner of the melee, and ten thousand to the victor of the archery competition.”
• That afternoon a boy named Anguy, an unheralded commoner from the Dornish Marches, won the archery competition, outshooting Ser Balon Swann and Jalabhar Xho at a hundred paces after all the other bowmen had been eliminated at the shorter distances.

Answer 14

[ˌkɔmpə’tɪʃ(ə)n] / 1) соревнование, состязание 2) конкурс; конкурсное испытание, конкурсный экзамен The place will be filled by open competition. — Это место будет занято по результатам открытого конкурсного экзамена. Syn: contest 1. 3) конкуренция, соперничество, спор Syn: emulation , rivalry 4) (the competition) конкуренты, конкурирующая среда At least, it discouraged the competition. — По крайней мере, это испугало конкурентов. 5) конкуренция (за ограниченный ресурс) (между видами со сходными экологическими требованиями)

Question 15

induce

• Hahnemanns theories differed from the competition because he decided — and theres no better word for it — that if he could find a substance which would induce the symptoms of a disease in a healthy individual, then it could be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person.
• Giving out chemicals and herbs could be a dangerous business, since they can have genuine effects on the body (they induce symptoms, as Hahnemann identified).
• In fact he went further than this: the more you dilute a substance, the more powerful it becomes at treating the symptoms it would otherwise induce.
• In fact he passed a tube down into their stomachs (so that they wouldnt taste the revolting bitterness) and administered ipecac, a drug that which should actually induce nausea and vomiting.
• Its been shown, for example, that the effects of a real drug in the body can sometimes be induced by the placebo version, not only in humans, but also in animals.
• Once the association was set up with sufficient repetition, they found that the flavoured drink on its own could induce modest immune suppression.
• As a further inducement I suggest we each post, say, £1,000, with an independent stakeholder.

Answer 15

[ɪn’djuːs] / 1) побуждать, склонять, убеждать Syn: prompt , impel , cajole , coax , persuade , urge Ant: discourage , hinder , repel , subdue 2) вызывать; стимулировать; приводить (к чему-л.) Syn: bring on , cause 2., produce 3) индуцировать 4) а) выводить умозаключение (путём индукции) б) делать вывод From a sufficient number of results a proposition or law is induced. — Исходя из достаточного количества результатов можно сделать вывод или установить закономерность.

Question 16

remedy

• His first homeopathic remedy was Cinchona bark, which was suggested as a treatment for malaria.
• With each dilution the glass vessel containing the remedy is shaken by ten firm strikes against a hard but elastic object.
• A group of volunteers, anywhere from one person to a couple of dozen, come together and take six doses of the remedy being proved, at a range of dilutions, over the course of two days, keeping a diary of the mental, physical and emotional sensations, including dreams, experienced over this time.
• At the end of the proving, the master prover will collate the information from the diaries, and this long, unsystematic list of symptoms and dreams from a small number of people will become the symptom picture for that remedy, written in a big book and revered, in some cases, for all time.
• When you go to a homeopath, he or she will try to match your symptoms to the ones caused by a remedy in a proving.
• Hahnemann professed, and indeed recommended, complete ignorance of the physiological processes going on inside the body: he treated it as a black box, with medicines going in and effects coming out, and championed only empirical data, the effects of the medicine on symptoms (The totality of symptoms and circumstances observed in each individual case, he said, is the one and only indication that can lead us to the choice of the remedy).
• You might take a homeopathic remedy.
• Homeopaths increase the odds of a perceived success in their treatments even further by talking about aggravations, explaining that sometimes the correct remedy can make symptoms get worse before they get better, and claiming that this is part of the treatment process.
• The study by Gibson et al. did not mention randomisation, nor did it deign to mention the dose of the homeopathic remedy, or the frequency with which it was given.
• Then the interviewer asks: What would you say to people who go along to their high street pharmacy, where you can buy homeopathic remedies, they have hay fever and they pick out a hay-fever remedy, I mean presumably thats not the way it works?

Answer 16

[‘remədɪ] / 1. 1) а) средство от болезни, лекарство sure / reliable / certain remedy — верное, испытанное средство effective / efficacious remedy — эффективное средство to prescribe a remedy — выписать лекарство to resort to a remedy — прибегать к лекарству cold remedy — лекарство от простуды cough remedy — лекарство от кашля folk remedy — народное средство homeopathic remedy — гомеопатическое средство Syn: drug , medicine б) применение лекарства; лечение, уход Syn: application , treatment 2) средство, мера (против чего-л.) to apply remedies — принять меры 3) средство судебной защиты, средство защиты права equitable remedy — средство судебной защиты по праву справедливости to exhaust all legal remedies — исчерпать все судебные средства to pursue a legal remedy — добиваться судебной защиты 2. 1) исправлять (положение, вещь) to remedy the defects — исправить дефекты Syn: put right , rectify 2) вылечивать, излечивать, исцелять Syn: heal , cure I 2.

Question 17

languid

• He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.
• They arrived, flushed and breathless, to find Jon seated on the sill, one leg drawn up languidly to his chin.
• Illyrio waved a languid hand in the air, rings glittering on his fat fingers.

Answer 17

[‘læŋgwɪd] / 1) а) слабый, ослабевший; вялый Syn: faint , weak б) медлительный languid stream — медленно текущий ручей 2) а) безжизненный, вялый; апатичный, бездеятельный languid attempt — слабая попытка Syn: spiritless , listless , apathetic , indifferent б) неинтересный, скучный Syn: sluggish , dull 3) блёклый, бледный (о цвете) Syn: faint , pale

Question 18

palpitate

• He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.

Answer 18

[‘pælpɪteɪt] / а) биться, пульсировать, дрожать, трепетать She lay on the bed her eyes closed and her bosom palpitating. — Она лежала на кровати с закрытыми глазами, её грудь вздымалась. He felt suddenly faint, and his heart began to palpitate. — Он внезапно почувствовал слабость, его сердце учащённо забилось. б) вгонять в дрожь, в трепет

Question 19

intolerable

• He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.

Answer 19

[ɪn’tɔl(ə)rəbl] / а) невыносимый, нестерпимый; несносный This noise is just intolerable! — Этот шум просто невыносим! Syn: unbearable , insufferable б) недопустимый It’s intolerable to allow hardened criminals to roam our streets. — Недопустимо позволять всяким отпетым негодяям как ни в чем не бывало разгуливать по улицам.

Question 20

intermittent

• Again, we should focus for a moment on what is good about Brain Gym, because when you strip away the nonsense, it advocates regular breaks, intermittent light exercise, and drinking plenty of water.
• He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.

Answer 20

[ˌɪntə’mɪt(ə)nt] / скачкообразный, прерывистый; перемежающийся intermittent pulse — пульс с перебоями intermittent claudication — перемежающаяся хромота - intermittent contact Syn: spasmodic , uneven

Question 21

stupefaction

• He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.

Answer 21

[ˌstjuːpɪ’fækʃ(ə)n] 1) оцепенение, остолбенение He sat in complete stupefaction, drinking his beer. — Он сидел в полном оцепенении, потягивая пиво. Syn: numbness , stupor , torpor 2) изумление, удивление Syn: amazement , astonishment 3) ступор, помрачение сознания

Question 22

rigidity

• He took some himself, at a high dose, and experienced symptoms which he decided were similar to those of malaria itself: My feet and finger-tips at once became cold; I grew languid and drowsy; my heart began to palpitate; my pulse became hard and quick; an intolerable anxiety and trembling arose … prostration … pulsation in the head, redness in the cheek and raging thirst … intermittent fever … stupefaction … rigidity … – and so on.

Answer 22

[rɪ’ʤɪdətɪ] / 1) жёсткость; твёрдость; упругость, неэластичность rigidity of glass — твёрдость стекла - modulus of rigidity Syn: stiffness , hardness , solidity 2) негибкость; непоколебимость, непреклонность, стойкость rigidity of government policy — негибкость политики правительства Syn: inflexibility , firmness , steadfastness 3) строгость, суровость Syn: severity , harshness , strictness 4) ригидность (состояние, при котором снижена приспособляемость, переключаемость психических процессов к меняющимся требованиям среды)

Question 23

idiosyncratic

• Hahnemann assumed that everyone would experience these symptoms if they took Cinchona (although theres some evidence that he just experienced an idiosyncratic adverse reaction).
• Blinding is not some obscure piece of nitpicking, idiosyncratic to pedants like me, used to attack alternative therapies.
• Each undermines and distorts science in its own idiosyncratic way.
• We are presented instead with a huge morass of data, from a number of different studies, all of which are flawed in their own idiosyncratic ways for reasons of cost, competence and so on.

Answer 23

[ˌɪdɪəsɪŋ’krætɪk] 1) отличительный, характерный, уникальный 2) идиосинкратический, идиосинкразический

Question 24

giving out

• Giving out chemicals and herbs could be a dangerous business, since they can have genuine effects on the body (they induce symptoms, as Hahnemann identified).

Answer 24

give out 1) испускать, выделять (звук, свет) The sun gives out light and heat to the earth. — Солнце дает земле тепло и свет. The ship gave out radio signals for help until she sank. — Корабль подавал по радио сигналы бедствия, пока не затонул. 2) обнародовать; объявлять, провозглашать; распускать слухи The news was given out that the political leader had died. — Распространились слухи, что этот политик умер. 3) выдавать (за кого-л.) to give oneself out to be smb. — выдать себя за кого-л. to give oneself out for / as a doctor — выдавать себя за врача to give oneself out to be a foreigner — выдавать себя за иностранца 4) иссякать, кончаться (о запасах, силах) His strength gave out after running that long distance. — После пробега такой длинной дистанции его силы иссякли. Syn: break down , conk out , cut out , kick off , pack up 5) перестать работать, отказать Halfway up the hill, the engine gave out and we had to push the car the rest of the way. — На полпути в гору двигатель отказал, и дальше нам пришлось толкать автомобиль.

Question 25

induce * Hahnemanns theories differed from the competition because he decided — and theres no better word for it — that if he could find a substance which would induce the symptoms of a disease in a healthy individual, then it could be used to treat the same symptoms in a sick person. * Giving out chemicals and herbs could be a dangerous business, since they can have genuine effects on the body (they induce symptoms, as Hahnemann identified). * In fact he went further than this: the more you dilute a substance, the more powerful it becomes at treating the symptoms it would otherwise induce. * In fact he passed a tube down into their stomachs (so that they wouldnt taste the revolting bitterness) and administered ipecac, a drug that which should actually induce nausea and vomiting. * Its been shown, for example, that the effects of a real drug in the body can sometimes be induced by the placebo version, not only in humans, but also in animals. * Once the association was set up with sufficient repetition, they found that the flavoured drink on its own could induce modest immune suppression. * As a further inducement I suggest we each post, say, £1,000, with an independent stakeholder.

Answer 25

induce [ɪn'djuːs] / 1) побуждать, склонять, убеждать Syn: prompt , impel , cajole , coax , persuade , urge Ant: discourage , hinder , repel , subdue 2) вызывать; стимулировать; приводить (к чему-л.) Syn: bring on , cause 2., produce 3) индуцировать 4) а) выводить умозаключение (путём индукции) б) делать вывод From a sufficient number of results a proposition or law is induced. — Исходя из достаточного количества результатов можно сделать вывод или установить закономерность.

Question 26

diluted * But he solved that problem with his second great inspiration, and the key feature of homeopathy that most people would recognise today: he decided — again, thats the only word for it — that if you diluted a substance, this would potentise its ability to cure symptoms, enhancing its spirit-like medicinal powers, and at the same time, as luck would have it, also reducing its side-effects. * Most people know that homeopathic remedies are diluted to such an extent that there will be no molecules of it left in the dose you get. * What you might not know is just how far these remedies are diluted. * The typical homeopathic dilution is 30C: this means that the original substance has been diluted by one drop in a hundred, thirty times over. * At a homeopathic dilution of 200C (you can buy much higher dilutions from any homeopathic supplier) the treating substance is diluted more than the total number of atoms in the universe, and by an enormously huge margin. * And for all homeopaths talk about the memory of water, we should remember that what you actually take, in general, is a little sugar pill, not a teaspoon of homeopathically diluted water — so they should start thinking about the memory of sugar, too.

Answer 26

[daɪ'luːt] / 1. 1) разжижать, разбавлять If you dilute the soup with hot water it will feed more people. — Если разбавить суп кипятком, можно будет накормить большее число людей. Syn: attenuate 2) обескровливать, выхолащивать (содержание чего-л.) ; упрощать The government's new law on wage and price control is diluted with exceptions. — Новый закон о контроле за ростом цен выхолощен поправками и оговорками. 3) делать менее выразительным 4) понижать стоимость акций путём увеличения их числа 2. 1) разбавленный, разведённый (о жидкостях, растворах) 2) приглушённый, светлый (о цвете) 3) ничтожный, жалкий, презренный Syn: weak , enfeebled , poor , paltry

Question 27

potentise * But he solved that problem with his second great inspiration, and the key feature of homeopathy that most people would recognise today: he decided — again, thats the only word for it — that if you diluted a substance, this would potentise its ability to cure symptoms, enhancing its spirit-like medicinal powers, and at the same time, as luck would have it, also reducing its side-effects. * But at the last minute, without their knowledge, we would switch half of the patients homeopathic sugar pills, giving them dud sugar pills, that have not been magically potentised by homeopathy.

Answer 27

potentize po¦tent|ize verb [with obj.] make stronger or more potent ■ make (a homeopathic medicine) more powerful by diluting and shaking it Derivatives: potentization noun

Question 28

occasion * Hahnemann decided that the process had to be performed in a very specific way, with an eye on brand identity, or a sense of ritual and occasion, so he devised a process called succussion. * Again, they cannot say No (or at least not with any meaning — they might say it in a tantrum), because they have no possible way of knowing whether they were going to get better anyway, on the occasions when they apparently got better after seeing a homeopath. * There have been occasions in medical history where researchers were more cavalier. * Occasionally there may be some good evidence for their assertions (although I cant imagine the point of taking health advice from someone who is only occasionally correct). * On the occasion we are interested in, Patrick Holford was angry about a meta-analysis on omega-3 fats (such as fish oils), co-authored by Professor Carolyn Summerbell: she holds the full-time academic chair in Nutrition at Teesside University, where she is also Assistant Dean of Research, with a long-standing track record of published academic research in the field of nutrition. * Patrick Holford, for example, will occasionally respond on an issue of evidence, but often, it seems to me, by producing an even greater cloud of sciencey material: enough to shoo off many critics, perhaps, and certainly reassuring for the followers, but anybody daring to question must be ready to address a potentially exponential mass of content, both from Holford, and also from his extensive array of paid staff. * \* ≡ I have argued on various occasions that, wherever possible, all treatment where there is uncertainty should be randomised, and in the NHS we are theoretically in a unique administrative position to be able to facilitate this, as a gift to the world. * On not one occasion did the manufacturers drug come out worse. * The guilt niggles occasionally, but Mondays your day in clinic, so Tuesdays the beginning of the week really, and theres the departmental meeting on Wednesday, so Thursdays the only day you can get any proper work done, because Fridays your teaching day, and before you know it, a year has passed, your supervisor retires, the new guy doesnt even know the experiment ever happened, and the negative trial data is forgotten forever, unpublished. * In all but a quarter of the cases, the experimental subjects went along with the incorrect answer from the crowd of accomplices on one or more occasions, defying the clear evidence of their own senses.

Answer 28

[ə'keɪʒ(ə)n] / 1. 1) возможность, случай, шанс on numerous occasions — часто; неоднократно fitting / propitious occasion — подходящая возможность, удобный случай to have an occasion — иметь возможность to take an occasion — воспользоваться случаем I had no occasion to speak with them. — У меня не было возможности поговорить с ними. Such an occasion arose when we left Hollywood to do a film on location in the Arizona desert. — Такая возможность представилась, когда мы покинули Голливуд и отправились на натурные съёмки в пустыню Аризоны. - on occasions - on occasion 2) а) основание, причина; повод, обстоятельство His insulting remark was the occasion of a bitter quarrel. — Его оскорбительное замечание послужило поводом для большой ссоры. Syn: cause 1., reason 1. б) человек, ставший (случайной) причиной чего-л. He will not forget those who have been the occasions of cruelty. — Он не забудет тех, кто стал причиной жестокости. 3) происшествие, случай, событие, явление Syn: happening , incident 1. 4) важное событие gala occasion — торжественное событие happy / joyful / joyous occasion — счастливое, радостное событие memorable occasion — памятное событие official occasion — официальное празднование special occasion — особенное событие unforgettable occasion — незабываемое событие this festive occasion — этот праздник to celebrate / mark / observe an occasion — отмечать событие

Question 29

succussion * Hahnemann decided that the process had to be performed in a very specific way, with an eye on brand identity, or a sense of ritual and occasion, so he devised a process called succussion. * Its not about the dilution, he said: its the succussion.

Answer 29

succussion суккуссия (диагностический прием для выявления шума плеска)

Question 30

firm * They are at the other end of the spectrum from the detox industry: this is a tightly regulated industry, with big money to be made from nonsense, and so we find large, well-organised teams from international biotech firms generating elegant, distracting, suggestive, but utterly defensible pseudoscience. * Beeswax is better than honey as an emulsifier, and you can modify the creams consistency for yourself: more beeswax will make it firmer, more oil will make it softer, and more water makes it sort of fluffier, but increases the risk of the ingredients separating out. * With each dilution the glass vessel containing the remedy is shaken by ten firm strikes against a hard but elastic object. * These ten firm strikes are still carried out in homeopathy pill factories today, sometimes by elaborate, specially constructed robots. * The patients in one group were told, I cannot be certain of what the matter is with you, and two weeks later only 39 per cent were better; the other group were given a firm diagnosis, with no messing about, and confidently told they would be better within a few days. * If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind. * If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind. * Being scrupulously polite, and yet firm, the only sensible answer, surely, would be to say: Im not entirely sure I can accept your precis or your interpretation of that data without checking it myself. * The equation for the beergoggle effect, whereby ladies become more attractive after some ale, was produced by Dr Nathan Efron, Professor of Clinical Optometry at the University of Manchester, and sponsored by the optical products manufacturer Bausch & Lomb; the formula for the perfect penalty kick, by Dr David Lewis of Liverpool John Moores, was sponsored by Ladbrokes; the formula for the perfect way to pull a Christmas cracker, by Dr Paul Stevenson of the University of Surrey, was commissioned by Tesco; the formula for the perfect beach, by Dr Dimitrios Buhalis of the University of Surrey, sponsored by travel firm Opodo. * While in the paper it is stated that they were sequential referrals to a clinic, in fact Wakefield was already being paid £50,000 of legal aid money by a firm of solicitors to investigate children whose parents were preparing a case against MMR, and the GMC is further investigating where the patients in the study came from, because it seems that many of Wakefields referrals had come to him specifically as someone who could show a link between MMR and autism, whether formally or informally, and was working on a legal case.

Answer 30

[fɜːm] / 1. 1) крепкий, прочный, твёрдый to be on firm ground — иметь твёрдую почву под ногами; чувствовать себя уверенно Syn: strong , solid 2) устойчивый, зафиксированный (о положении предмета в пространстве) Syn: steady , stable 3) конкурентоспособный, устойчивый The pound was firm against the dollar. — Курс фунта был устойчив по отношению к доллару. - firm price Syn: competitive 4) учреждённый, принятый (о положении, законе) Syn: fixed , settled , established 5) непоколебимый, непреклонный, решительный It is my firm belief. — Я твёрдо верю в это. - firm of purpose Syn: constant , steadfast , unflinching , unshaken , unwavering 6) строгий firm with children — строгий к детям Syn: strict 2. крепко, твёрдо Syn: fixedly , steadfastly 3. 1) = firm up а) сжимать, натягивать б) сжиматься, натягиваться • Syn: tighten 2) уплотнять, утрамбовывать (например, землю) 3) = firm up приводить в порядок, улаживать; окончательно устанавливать to firm a contact — установить контакт to firm up plans — утвердить план Syn: settle 4) укреплять (оказывать дополнительную поддержку) Syn:

Question 31

bespoke * For this purpose Hahnemann had a saddlemaker construct a bespoke wooden striking board, covered in leather on one side, and stuffed with horsehair.

Answer 31

[bɪ'spəuk] 1. сделанный на заказ 2. , от bespeak

Question 32

collate * At the end of the proving, the master prover will collate the information from the diaries, and this long, unsystematic list of symptoms and dreams from a small number of people will become the symptom picture for that remedy, written in a big book and revered, in some cases, for all time. * People do experience that homeopathy is positive for them, but the action is likely to be in the whole process of going to see a homeopath, of being listened to, having some kind of explanation for your symptoms, and all the other collateral benefits of old – fashioned, paternalistic, reassuring medicine. * And here, it seems that this placebo explanation — even if grounded in sheer fantasy — can be beneficial to a patient, although interestingly, perhaps not without collateral damage, and it must be done delicately: assertively and authoritatively giving someone access to the sick role can also reinforce destructive illness beliefs and behaviours, unnecessarily medicalise symptoms like aching muscles (which for many people are everyday occurrences), and militate against people getting on with life and getting better. * These reports can be collated and monitored as an early warning sign, and are a part of the imperfect, pragmatic monitoring system for picking up problems with medications.

Answer 32

[kə'leɪt] / 1) критически рассматривать, сравнивать, сопоставлять 2) проверять нумерацию страниц печатаемой книги 3) располагать, складывать в нужном порядке 4) жаловать бенефиций

Question 33

revered * At the end of the proving, the master prover will collate the information from the diaries, and this long, unsystematic list of symptoms and dreams from a small number of people will become the symptom picture for that remedy, written in a big book and revered, in some cases, for all time.

Answer 33

[rɪ'vɪə] / а) уважать; чтить, почитать to revere smb.'s memory — почитать чью-л. память Syn: respect , esteem Ant: contemn , despise , slight б) благоговеть, боготворить, преклоняться Syn: adore , idolize , venerate , worship

Question 34

nauseous * It might be a nocebo effect, the opposite of placebo, where people feel bad because theyre expecting to (I bet I could make you feel nauseous right now by telling you some home truths about how your last processed meal was made); it might be a form of group hysteria (Are there fleas in this sofa?); one of them might experience a tummy ache that was coming on anyway; or they might all get the same mild cold together; and soon.

Answer 34

['nɔːsɪəs], ['nɔːʃəs] / 1) вызывающий тошноту, тошнотворный; вонючий Syn: nauseating 2) отвратительный, противный A nauseous wave of pain broke over her. — Приступ ужасной боли охватил её.

Question 35

tummy * It might be a nocebo effect, the opposite of placebo, where people feel bad because theyre expecting to (I bet I could make you feel nauseous right now by telling you some home truths about how your last processed meal was made); it might be a form of group hysteria (Are there fleas in this sofa?); one of them might experience a tummy ache that was coming on anyway; or they might all get the same mild cold together; and soon.

Answer 35

['tʌmɪ] ; 1) животик, пузико 2) а) боль в области живота б) эндогенный для какой-либо географической области понос (в этом значении употребляется с указанием этой области) He's sick. Says he's got Bombay tummy. — Он болен. Говорят, у него бомбейский понос.

Question 36

ignorance * Hahnemann professed, and indeed recommended, complete ignorance of the physiological processes going on inside the body: he treated it as a black box, with medicines going in and effects coming out, and championed only empirical data, the effects of the medicine on symptoms (The totality of symptoms and circumstances observed in each individual case, he said, is the one and only indication that can lead us to the choice of the remedy). * Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy. * We do not know how general anaesthetics work, but we know that they do work, and we use them despite our ignorance of the mechanism. * Their literature and debates drip with ignorance, and vitriolic anger at anyone who dares to appraise the trials. * They choose death, through ignorance and laziness, but you choose life, fresh fish, olive oil, and thats why youre healthy. * My basic hypothesis is this: the people who run the media are humanities graduates with little understanding of science, who wear their ignorance as a badge of honour. * Most people are aware that there was a statistical error in the prosecution case, but few know the true story, or the phenomenal extent of the statistical ignorance that went on in the case. * In his stubborn ignorance, he had not even known he was being mocked; the carts were for eunuchs, cripples, women giving birth, the very young and the very old. * You are a child, with a childs ignorance.

Answer 36

['ɪgn(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] / 1) невежественность, невежество, необразованность to betray / demonstrate ignorance — обнаруживать невежество to display / show ignorance — проявлять невежество abysmal / profound / total / complete ignorance — безграничное / глубокое / полное невежество blatant / crass / rank — грубое невежество 2) неведение, незнание from / through ignorance — по неведению blissful ignorance — блаженное неведение in ignorance of smth. — в неведении относительно чего-л. ignorance about smth. — незнание чего-л.

Question 37

conventional * Conventional medicine in Hahnemanns time was obsessed with theory, and was hugely proud of basing its practice on a rational understanding of anatomy and the workings of the body. * Academics conventionally measure the quality of a study using standardised tools like the Jadad score, a sevenpoint tick list that includes things weve been talking about, like Did they describe the method of randomisation? and Was plenty of numerical information provided? * Viewers believed they had seen a patient having chest surgery with only acupuncture as anaesthesia: in fact this was not the case, and once again the patient had received an array of conventional medications to allow the operation to be performed. * Sorry: a qualified, conventional medical doctor who attended an accredited medical school. * They kindly contacted the inventor, who informed me that they have always been clear that the QLink does not use electronics components in a conventional electronic way. * In the UK, his adverts claimed that 90 per cent of patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer die within months of starting treatment, and suggested that three million lives could be saved if cancer patients stopped being treated by conventional medicine. * Similarly, while I could reel out a few stories of alternative therapists customers whove died unnecessarily, it seems to me that people who choose to see alternative therapists (except for nutrition therapists, who have worked very hard to confuse the public and to brand themselves as conventional evidence-based practitioners) make that choice with their eyes open, or at least only half closed.

Answer 37

[kən'ven(t)ʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 1) обычный, обыкновенный, традиционный; общепринятый You can cook the meat either in a microwave or in a conventional oven. — Мясо можно приготовить как в микроволновой печи, так и в обыкновенной духовке. Her views are remarkably conventional. — Её взгляды абсолютно традиционны. - conventional wisdom Syn: usual 1., customary , habitual , traditional 2) консервативный Karen was very conventional about her views of marriage. — Карен была очень консервативна в своих взглядах на брак. Syn: conservative 1. 3) определённый договором или соглашением conventional obligations — договорные обязательства 4) условный, установленный по условию conventional symbols — условные символы 5) традиционный, консервативный Sir David Wilkie's The Blind Fiddler exemplifies the sort of conventional art that the Pre-Raphaelites challenged at mid-nineteenth century. — ''Слепой скрипач'' сэра Дэвида Уилки являет собой пример традиционного искусства, с которым боролись прерафаэлиты в середине 19 столетия. 6) условный, символический; схематический The Gothic M does, in fact, look very much like a conventional lily. — В самом деле, готическая буква ''М'' очень похожа на условное изображение лилии. 7) обычный, неатомный, неядерный (о вооружении) conventional weapons — обычное оружие Proposal for an agreement on the limitation and reduction of conventional armaments and armed forces was submitted by the Soviet Union to the UN Disarmament Commission on 27 March 1956. — 27 марта 1956 г. Комитет ООН по разоружению получил от Советского Союза предложение оформить соглашение по ограничению и сокращению обычного вооружения и численности вооружённых сил. 8) стандартный; удовлетворяющий техническим условиям

Question 38

swathe * Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy. * He had burned himself more badly than he knew throwing the flaming drapes, and his right hand was swathed in silk halfway to the elbow.

Answer 38

[sweɪð] / 1. 1) а) бинт; обмотка Syn: bandage , winding б) бандаж 2) что-л. обволакивающее Grey swathes of cloud still hung about the hills. — Серые тучи всё ещё висели над холмами. 2. 1) бинтовать 2) закутывать, обматывать, пеленать elegant women, swathed in expensive furs — элегантные женщины, одетые в дорогие меха If you swathe the baby in too many wool covers, he will get overheated. — Если вы будете сильно кутать малыша, он вспотеет. The mists that swathed the primeval chaos. — Мгла, окутывавшая первобытный хаос.

Question 39

extent * Experiments have shown that people are quite bad at estimating the knowledge of others: if we know the answer to a question about a piece of trivia, we overestimate the question about a piece of trivia, we overestimate the extent to which other people will know that answer too. * Most people know that homeopathic remedies are diluted to such an extent that there will be no molecules of it left in the dose you get. * It seems obvious to them, and to an extent it is. * To an extent, thats all there is to it: theres nothing particularly mysterious about a trial, and if we wanted to see whether homeopathy pills work, we could do a very similar trial. * Most people have found that they can take their minds off pain — to at least some extent — with distraction, or have had a toothache which got worse with stress. * It may sound disproportionate to suggest that I will continue to point out these obfuscations for as long as they are made, but I will, because to me, there is a strange fascination in tracking their true extent. * To an extent these are political and development issues, which we should leave for another day; and I have a promise to pay out on: you want to be able to take the skills youve learnt about levels of evidence and distortions of research, and understand how the pharmaceutical industry distorts data, and pulls the wool over our eyes. * Studies of skin pigmentation (some specifically performed in Brazil) show that skin pigmentation seems not to be related to the extent of your African heritage, and suggest that colour may be coded for by a fairly small number of genes, and probably doesnt blend and even out as Oliver suggests. * To an extent, when we discussed the subject earlier I relied on your good will, and on the likelihood that from your own experience you could agree that this explanation made sense. * Most people are aware that there was a statistical error in the prosecution case, but few know the true story, or the phenomenal extent of the statistical ignorance that went on in the case.

Answer 39

[ɪk'stent], [ek-] / 1) пространство, протяжение, расстояние, протяженность; объём in area extent — по площади to its full extent — во всю ширь They occupied only a small extent of England. — Они захватили только малую часть Англии. Syn: size , space , room 2) мера, степень, рамки, пределы to a certain extent — в известной степени to a lesser extent — в меньшей степени to some extent — до некоторой степени; в некотором роде to the extent of — до размера, в пределах extent of mineralization — степень минерализованности Syn: scope I 3) размер, величина extent of business — размер операций, объём операций The extent of kite's wings is more than five feet. — Размер крыльев коршуна составляет

Question 40

margin * 2 Brain Gym Under normal circumstances this should be the part of the book where I fall into a rage over creationism, to gales of applause, even though its a marginal issue in British schools. * You might imagine that this nonsense is a marginal, peripheral trend which I have contrived to find in a small number of isolated, - misguided schools. * Once you know this, shopping becomes marginally more interesting. * At a homeopathic dilution of 200C (you can buy much higher dilutions from any homeopathic supplier) the treating substance is diluted more than the total number of atoms in the universe, and by an enormously huge margin. * Once you realise this, it makes the colour supplements a marginally more interesting read: the alternative therapy columnist will make a dramatic and scientifically untenable claim for glucosamine, stating that it will improve the joint pain of a reader who has written in; the pill company, meanwhile, will have a full-page advertisement for glucosamine, which merely states the dose and possibly makes a bland claim at the level of basic biology, rather than about clinical efficacy: Glucosamine is a known chemical constituent of cartilage. * You may be amused to know that the single positive trial referenced by Holford is not just the smallest, but also the briefest study in this review, by a wide margin. * These results were in no sense dramatic — and they cannot be compared to the demonstrable life-saving benefits of anti-retrovirals — but they did show that improved diet, or cheap generic vitamin pills, could represent a simple and relatively inexpensive way to marginally delay the need to start HIV medication in some patients. * Eclampsia, say, is estimated to cause 50,000 deaths in pregnancy around the world each year, and the best treatment, by a huge margin, is cheap, unpatented, magnesium sulphate (high doses intravenously, that is, not some alternative medicine supplement, but also not the expensive anti-convulsants that were used for many decades). * For all that it may seem trite and voyeuristic to you, this event was central to the coverage of MMR. 2002 was the year of Leo Blair, the year of Wakefields departure from the Royal Free, and it was the peak of the media coverage, by a very long margin.

Answer 40

['mɑːʤɪn] / 1. 1) поле (страницы) to write / leave notes / remarks on / in the margins — делать заметки на полях to adjust / set a margin — устанавливать поле (при печатании на машинке) to justify a margin — выравнивать границу (в текстовом редакторе) comfortable / handsome / large / wide margin — большие, широкие поля narrow / slender / slim / small margin — узкие поля 2) а) кромка, край; приграничная область; берег continental margin — границы материка She stood there all alone at the margin of the woods. — Она стояла совсем одна на опушке леса. Syn: edge , border 1., brink б) периферия (менее важная, типичная часть) on the margins of society — на задворках общества в) граница, предел (чего-л. допустимого, возможного) margin of error — предел погрешности on the margin of poverty / good taste — на грани нищеты / безвкусицы within a certain margin of hours — в пределах отпущенного времени 3) запас, резерв (времени, денег и пр.) margin for error / mistakes — поправка на возможные ошибки - margin of safety 4) разница; преимущество by a slim / narrow margin — с небольшим преимуществом The bill passed by a one-vote margin. — Законопроект был принят с преимуществом в один голос. They won by a margin of two points. — Они победили с преимуществом в два очка. 5) а) прибыль, разница между покупной и продажной ценой; маржа б) гарантийный задаток, взнос 6) а) детали и части деталей, не являющиеся скрепляющими б) части шифера или черепицы, не покрытые лежащими выше листами 2. 1) делать, оставлять поля (на страницах книги) Syn: border 2. 2) а) снабжать маленькими комментариями; украшать незначительными деталями, оттенять (литературное произведение, речь) б) оставлять, делать заметки на полях 3) а) окаймлять, окружать, обрамлять (некоторое пространство) The yellow leaf is margined with green. — Листок с зелёной каёмкой. б) заключать в себе • Syn: border 2., edge , fringe 4) вносить, предоставлять задаток; использовать в качестве задатка

Question 41

improbability * We should remember, though, that the improbability of homeopaths claims for how their pills might work remains fairly inconsequential, and is not central to our main observation, which is that they work no better than placebo.

Answer 41

[ɪmˌprɔbə'bɪlətɪ] невероятность, неправдоподобие; невероятное событие Syn: incredibility

Question 42

inconsequential * We should remember, though, that the improbability of homeopaths claims for how their pills might work remains fairly inconsequential, and is not central to our main observation, which is that they work no better than placebo.

Answer 42

[ɪn'kɔn(t)sɪkwənt] / ; = inconsequential 1) алогический, алогичный, нелогичный, непоследовательный (как о фактах, рассуждениях, так и о человеке) He is inconsequent to his own principles. — Он противоречит своим собственным принципам. to talk in an inconsequent way — говорить сбивчиво, непоследовательно Syn: illogical , disconnected , inconsecutive 2) неуместный; не имеющий отношения к делу Syn: irrelevant 3) несущественный; неважный, незначительный Syn: inessential , immaterial

Question 43

abdomen * I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time. * And while were talking about it, you probably dont want oxygen inside your abdomen anyway: in keyhole surgery, surgeons have to inflate your abdomen to help them see what theyre doing, but they dont use oxygen, because theres methane fart gas in there too, and we dont want anyone catching fire on the inside. * She examines patients abdomens on an examination couch as if she is a doctor, and confidently announces that she can feel which organs are inflamed. * Skid mark stools probably dont want oxygen inside your abdomen anyway: in keyhole surgery, surgeons have to inflate your abdomen to help them see what theyre doing, but they dont use oxygen, because theres methane fart gas in there too, and we dont want anyone catching fire on the inside. * She examines patients abdomens on an examination couch as if she is a doctor, and confidently announces that she can feel which organs are inflamed.

Answer 43

['æbdəmen] / 1) брюшная полость; живот pendulous abdomen — отвислый живот protuberant abdomen — выпуклый живот retracted abdomen — впалый живот, втянутый живот acute abdomen, burst abdomen — острый живот Syn: stomach 2) а) абдомен, брюшной отдел б) брюшко (насекомого, паука) In the perfect insect the abdomen does not carry either the wings or the legs. — У настоящих насекомых на брюшке не могут располагаться ни крылья, ни ножки.

Question 44

rummaged * I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time. * "The honor is mine." The merchant rummaged about in the back of his stall and produced a small oaken cask. * "One for you as well, but it came to Winterfell with mine." He went to the table, rummaged among some maps and papers, and returned with a crumpled parchment.

Answer 44

['rʌmɪʤ] / 1. 1) хлам, дрянь; что-л. ненужное, бесполезное; мусор, сор - rummage sale Syn: lumber I 1., rubbish 2) а) тщательный осмотр; поиски б) таможенный досмотр судна 3) ; суета, суматоха; беспорядок Syn: bustle I 1., commotion , turmoil 2. 1) тщательно осматривать, искать; обыскивать By rummaging about among the pile of old clothes, I found the key. — Покопавшись в куче старой одежды, я нашёл ключ. I rummaged the house from top to bottom; but in vain. — Я обыскал дом сверху донизу, но безуспешно. Syn: ransack 2) производить таможенный досмотр судна 3) внимательно рассматривать; тщательно исследовать, изучать They have rummaged the oldest monuments. — Они внимательно осмотрели самые старые памятники. Syn: scrutinize , investigate 4) а) = rummage out / up находить; выявлять, обнаруживать (при поисках) б) выпытывать, выуживать (секрет) Syn: fish out

Question 45

intestines * I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.

Answer 45

[ɪn'testɪn] / ; обычно кишечник, кишки - small intestine - large intestine Syn: bowels

Question 46

supervised * I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time.

Answer 46

контролируемый Syn: controlled

Question 47

hasten * I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time. * Cohollo, bring my vest." The older man hastened off.

Answer 47

['heɪs(ə)n] / 1) спешить, торопиться, делать (что-л.) в спешке, второпях; поспешать (сделать что-л.) And suddenly the crowd hastened away. — И вдруг толпа устремилась прочь. He hastened to remark that the duke was right in his will to let them go. — Он поспешил заметить, что герцог был прав в своём желании отпустить их. Syn: hurry , be in a hurry , haste 2) а) торопить, поторапливать; подгонять He hastened her to the door. — Он быстро проводил её до двери. (желая поскорее от неё отделаться) Syn: hurry , precipitate , urge б) ускорять (какой-л. процесс) , способствовать скорому свершению или завершению (чего-л.) They try to hasten the coming of a new order. — Они пытаются ускорить выход нового приказа. She hastened the time of our meeting. — Она перенесла нашу встречу на более раннее время. He hastened his step. — Он ускорил шаг. Syn: quicken , accelerate , expedite

Question 48

regarding * I myself have cut deep into a mans abdomen and rummaged around his intestines in an operating theatre — heavily supervised, I hasten to add — while he was knocked out by anaesthetics, and the gaps in our knowledge regarding their mode of action didnt bother either me or the patient at the time. * She complied — the alternative would have been prosecution — but her website announced that the sex pills had been withdrawn because of the new EU licensing laws regarding herbal products. * It wasnt described in the publication, and it overstated the advantage of Vioxx regarding ulcers, while understating the increased risk of heart attacks. * Jon Snow was standing a few feet away, regarding him curiously.

Answer 48

[rɪ'gɑːdɪŋ] / относительно; касательно regarding your proposal — что касается вашего предложения Syn: about 2., on 1., concerning

Question 49

irrelevant * Perhaps if they wiggled their ears with their fingers as per the Brain Gym textbook it would stimulate the reticular formation of the brain to tune out distracting, irrelevant sounds and tune into language. * Furthermore, the neuroscience information is merely decorative, and irrelevant to the explanations logic. * All three groups judged good explanations as more satisfying than bad ones, but the subjects in the two non-expert groups judged that the e xp la na t i o ns with the logically irrelevant neurosciencey information were more satisfying than the explanations without the spurious neuroscience. * There is also the seductive details effect: if you present related (but logically irrelevant) details to people as part of an argument, this seems to make it more difficult for them to encode, and later recall, the main argument of a text, because their attention is diverted. * By saying that the absent molecules are irrelevant, because water has a memory. * My aim here is by no means to suggest that antioxidants are entirely irrelevant to health. * These stories are invariably written up by science correspondents, and hotly followed — to universal approbation — by comment pieces from humanities graduates on how bonkers and irrelevant scientists are, because from the bunker-like mentality of my parody hypothesis, that is the appeal of these stories: they play on the publics view of science as irrelevant, peripheral boffinry. * This reinforces one of the key humanities graduates parodies of science: as well as being irrelevant boffinry, science is temporary, changeable, constantly revising itself, like a transient fad. * This is something humans are very good at — filtering irrelevant information — but that skill comes at a cost of ascribing disproportionate bias to some contextual data. * That, as you now understand, was entirely wrongheaded: the rarity of double SIDS is irrelevant, because double murder is rare too.

Answer 49

[ɪ'reləv(ə)nt] / неуместный, неподходящий; не относящийся к делу It's irrelevant to cite such outdated evidence. — Неуместно приводить такие устаревшие свидетельства. Syn: extraneous

Question 50

feasible * This sounds feasible if you think of a bath, or a test tube full of water.

Answer 50

['fiːzəbl] / 1) реальный, выполнимый, осуществимый (о замысле, плане и т. п.) Syn: workable , executable , accomplishable , possible 1., practicable 2) подходящий, годный 3) вероятный, возможный, правдоподобный (о предложении, проекте, истории, теории и т. п.) the only feasible theory — единственно возможное предположение Syn: likely 1., probable 1.

Question 51

dent * But if you think, at the most basic level, about the scale of these objects, a tiny water molecule isnt going to be deformed by an enormous arnica molecule, and be left with a suggestive dent, which is how many homeopaths seem to picture the process. * Sham ultrasound is beneficial for dental pain, placebo operations have been shown to be beneficial in knee pain (the surgeon just makes fake keyhole surgery holes in the side and mucks about for a bit as if hes doing something useful), and placebo operations have even been shown to improve angina. * Gryll and Katahn [1978] gave patients a sugar pill before a dental injection, but the doctors who were handing out the pill gave it in one of two different ways: either with an outrageous oversell (This is a recently developed pill thats been shown to be very effective … effective almost immediately …); or downplayed, with an undersell (This is a recently developed pill … personally Ive not found it to be very effective …). * If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind. * If youd like to borrow my second edition copy of Epstein and de Bonos Clinical Examination (I dont think there were many people in my year at medical school who didnt buy a copy), youll discover that to examine for lymphoedema, you press firmly for around thirty seconds, to gently compress the exuded fluid out of the tissues, then take your fingers away, and look to see if they have left a dent behind. * You might remember the scare stories about mercury fillings from the past two decades: they come around every few years, usually accompanied by a personal anecdote in which fatigue, dizziness and headaches are all vanquished following the removal of the fillings by one visionary dentist. * Traditionally these stories conclude with a suggestion that the dental establishment may well be covering up the truth about mercury, and a demand for more research into its safety. * Grenns downcut was answered by an overhand that dented his helm. * Both lances exploded, and by the time the splinters had settled, a riderless blood bay was trotting off in search of grass while Ser Jaime Lannister rolled in the dirt, golden and dented. * Jaime Lannister was back on his feet, but his ornate lion helmet had been twisted around and dented in his fall, and now he could not get it off.

Answer 51

[dent] / I 1. 1) вмятина, вогнутое или вдавленное место dent on the door of a car — вмятина на двери автомобиля to make a dent — оставить вмятину to hammer / straighten out a dent — выправить вмятину 2) негативное воздействие to put a dent in smb.'s hopes — разрушить чьи-л. надежды to make a dent in smb.'s dignity — уязвить чью-л. гордость The fees of two lawyers will make a nasty dent in the family finances. — Оплата услуг двух адвокатов пробьёт огромную брешь в бюджете семьи. 2. 1) оставлять вмятину или выбоину, вдавливать; вминать to dent the hood — оставлять вмятину на капоте 2) негативно влиять, подрывать to dent smb.'s profits — сократить чью-л. прибыль to dent smb.'s reputation — подорвать чью-л. репутацию Criticism dented his ego. — Критика задела его самолюбие. II 1. ; насечка, зарубка; зуб, зубец; нарезка Syn: incision , notch 2. нарезать, насекать, зазубривать

Question 52

lump * A pea-sized lump of putty cannot take an impression of the surface of your sofa. * Parsley, similarly, is a rich source of vitamin C, but youre not going to eat an orange-sized lump of the stuff. * We are wrong about what they should look like: we expect too much alternation, so truly random sequences seem somehow too lumpy and ordered. * Similarly, you can look at that random sequence above as hard as you like: it will still look lumpy and ordered, in defiance of what you now know.

Answer 52

[lʌmp] / 1. 1) а) глыба, ком; крупный кусок lump in the throat — комок в горле lump of wood — кусок дерева They used to buy ten kilos of beef in one lump. — Они обычно покупали десять кило говядины одним куском. б) большое количество to take in / by the lump — брать оптом в) целое, масса, совокупность taken in the lump — взятый в совокупности Syn: aggregate , totality 2) опухоль, шишка; бугор, выступ I've got a lump on my shoulder. — У меня на плече появилась шишка. Howard had to have cancer surgery for a lump in his chest. — Говарду пришлось перенести операцию по удалению злокачественной опухоли в груди. Syn: protuberance , swelling 1. 3) (lumps) неприятности, шишки He had taken a lot of lumps growing up in the city. — Он набил много синяков и шишек, пока рос в городе. 4) болван, дубина 5) ''наём гуртом'' (наём рабочих на сдельную работу с аккордной оплатой) 6) ; пакет с едой, предназначенный для бродяг •• - lump of clay 2. 1) кусковой lump gold — золото в самородках lump sugar — колотый, пилёный сахар; кусковой сахар 2) целый, единый, взятый в целом - lump sum Syn: entire 1. 3. 1) а) образовывать комки, глыбы б) покрывать комками 2) = lump together а) смешивать, валить всё в одну кучу, в одну массу; рассматривать в целом (не вдаваясь в подробности) to lump species — классифицировать виды без учёта мелких различий б) брать оптом 3) а) тяжело двигаться, тяжело ступать б) (lump down) грузно садиться He lumped down again and stared before him stupidly. — Он снова тяжело сел и тупо уставился перед собой. 4) таскать или передвигать тяжести; работать грузчиком I earned sixteen shillings a week by lumping in the docks. — Я зарабатывал шестнадцать шиллингов в неделю, работая портовым грузчиком.

Question 53

putty * A pea-sized lump of putty cannot take an impression of the surface of your sofa.

Answer 53

['pʌtɪ] / 1. 1) = glazier's putty (оконная) замазка, шпаклёвка 2) = jeweller's putty порошок, мастика или смесь для шлифовки, полировки 3) желтовато-серый цвет •• putty medal — картонная медаль, деревянная медаль (награда сомнительной ценности) up to putty — ; ненужный, бесполезный, никудышный to be (like) putty in (someone's) hands — быть податливым, уступчивым 2. замазывать замазкой; шпаклевать to putty joints — шпаклевать швы 3. желтовато-серый

Question 54

restrictive * This is a very restrictive shelf life.

Answer 54

[rɪ'strɪktɪv] 1) а) ограничивающий, ограничительный restrictive measures — ограничительные меры Syn: limiting б) ограниченный Syn: limited 2) сдерживающий (рост и т. п.) ; препятствующий (чему-л.) 3) запрещающий (о сигнале) ; запретительный

Question 55

shelf * This is a very restrictive shelf life. * His head was too large for his body, with a brutes squashed-in face beneath a swollen shelf of brow. * She touched one, the largest of the three, running her hand lightly over the shelf.

Answer 55

[ʃelf] / ; shelves 1) а) полка to build / put up a shelf — вешать полку to stock shelves with supplies — забивать полки продовольствием adjustable shelves — переносные, укрепляемые полки built-in shelves — встроенные полки б) (shelves) стеллаж 2) а) уступ; выступ б) риф; отмель, шельф shelf ice — шельфовый лёд continental shelf — континентальный шельф, материковый шельф 3) бедрок 4) привальный брус •• - lay on the shelf - be on the shelf

Question 56

flaws * They have fascinating flaws which can be read about elsewhere (frequently the homeopathic substance — which is found on hugely sensitive lab tests to be subtly different from a non-homeopathic dilution — has been prepared in a completely different way, from different stock ingredients, which is then detected by exquisitely sensitive lab equipment). * This statements power, and its flaws, lie in its simplicity. * This is just one of the many cognitive illusions described in this book, the basic flaws in our reasoning apparatus which lead us to see patterns and connections in the world around us, when closer inspection reveals that in fact there are none. * There are some trials which find homeopathy to perform better than placebo, but only some, and they are, in general, trials with methodological flaws. * The alternative therapy literature is certainly riddled with incompetence, but flaws in trials are actually very common throughout medicine. * In fact, it would be fair to say that all research has some flaws, simply because every trial will involve a compromise between what would be ideal, and what is practical or cheap. * (The literature from complementary and alternative medicine — CAM — often fails badly at the stage of interpretation: medics sometimes know if theyre quoting duff papers, and describe the flaws, whereas homeopaths tend to be uncritical of anything positive.) * This is a recurring theme in this book, and its important, because when people make claims based upon their research, we need to be able to decide for ourselves how big the methodological flaws were, and come to our own judgement about whether the results are reliable, whether theirs was a fair test. * All deserve to be ignored, for the simple reason that each was not a fair test of homeopathy, simply on account of these methodological flaws. * The only people to blame for the flaws in these studies are the people who performed them.

Answer 56

[flɔː] 1. 1) трещина, щель, порок (в металле, фарфоре и т. п.) , брак (в приобретённом изделии) 2) изъян, недостаток (характера) , порок fatal flaw — роковая ошибка Syn: blemish , defect , failing , fault , foible , imperfection , shortcoming , stain , loss Ant: merit , perfection 3) упущение, ошибка (в документе, в показаниях) 2. 1) повредить, испортить Syn: mar 2) вызывать трещину; трескаться; раскалывать Syn: crack 3) делать недействительным, лишать законной силы II [flɔː] 1) порыв ветра; шквал; вспышка ненастья 2) прилив, вспышка (о чувствах)

Question 57

debunker * As a ready shorthand, its also worth noting that the American magician and debunker James Randi has offered a $1 million prize to anyone demonstrating anomalous claims under laboratory conditions, and has specifically stated that anyone could win it by reliably distinguishing a homeopathic preparation from a nonhomeopathic one using any method they wish. * \* ≡ The magician and pseudoscience debunker James Randi used to wake up every morning and write on a card in his pocket: I, James Randi, will die today, followed by the date and his signature.

Answer 57

[ˌdiː'bʌŋk] ; разоблачать, развенчивать

Question 58

distinguishing * As a ready shorthand, its also worth noting that the American magician and debunker James Randi has offered a $1 million prize to anyone demonstrating anomalous claims under laboratory conditions, and has specifically stated that anyone could win it by reliably distinguishing a homeopathic preparation from a nonhomeopathic one using any method they wish. * Our intuitions about the most basic observation of all — distinguishing a pattern from mere random background noise — are deeply flawed.

Answer 58

[dɪ'stɪŋgwɪʃɪŋ] дифференциальный, отличительный, характерный

Question 59

sloshing * Water has been sloshing around the globe for a very long time, after all, and the water in my very body as I sit here typing away in London has already been through plenty of other peoples bodies before mine.

Answer 59

расплескивание; разбрызгивание - charge sloshing

Question 60

globe * Water has been sloshing around the globe for a very long time, after all, and the water in my very body as I sit here typing away in London has already been through plenty of other peoples bodies before mine. * Beside the door swung an ornate oil lamp on a heavy chain, with a globe of leaded red glass.

Answer 60

['gləub] / 1. 1) шар, сферический предмет, сфера - globe of the eye - ocular globe - celestial globe 2) а) (the globe) Земля to circle / girdle the globe — облетать земной шар, объехать вокруг земного шара Syn: earth б) планета Syn: planet 3) сферическая емкость, округлый контейнер (аквариум, абажур и пр.) 4) держава (эмблема власти монарха) Syn: orb 2. 1) иметь форму шара 2) принимать форму шара

Question 61

leveller * Maybe some of the water molecules fleshing out my neurons as I decide whether to write wee or urine in this sentence are now in the Queens bladder (God bless her): water is a great leveller, it gets about.

Answer 61

['lev(ə)lə] 1) а) (Leveller) ''уравнитель'', левеллер б) сторонник социального равенства 2) нивелировщик, уравниватель Time, disease, poverty are great levellers. — Время, болезни, бедность - великие нивелировщики. 3) выправляющее, правильное приспособление 4) нивелировщик (в геодезии)

Question 62

faeces * How does it know to treat my bruise with its memory of arnica, rather than a memory of Isaac Asimovs faeces? * Skid mark stools (she is obsessed with faeces and colonic irrigation) are a sign of dampness inside the body — a very common condition in Britain.

Answer 62

['fiːsiːz] ; ; 1) отстой, осадок Syn: sediment , dreg , lees , refuse II 1. 2) фекалии, экскременты, испражнения; кал Syn: excrement

Question 63

briskly * You have to bang the flask of water briskly ten times on a leather and horsehair surface, and thats what makes the water remember a molecule. * He gave Sandor Clegane a perfunctory nod and walked away as briskly as his stunted legs would carry him, whistling. * Tommen, Myrcella, come." She strode briskly from the morning room, her train and her pups trailing behind her. * She watched Ser Rodrik set off, striding briskly through the busy streets until he was lost in the crowds, then decided to take his advice. * He set off across the yard for his own chambers in the Kings Tower, walking as briskly as his legs could manage. * He climbed the tower steps briskly. * "Let us not keep them waiting any longer, ser." Ser Brynden Tully put the spurs to his horse and trotted briskly toward the banners. * Come." He strode briskly down the vault, past the procession of stone pillars and the endless carved figures. * He listened to the sound of hooves growing steadily louder as they trotted briskly down the kingsroad.

Answer 63

живо, оживленно - go off briskly

Question 64

apparently * Nobody knows, but you need to take the pills regularly, apparently, in a dosing regime which is suspiciously similar to that for medical drugs (which are given at intervals spaced according to how fast they are broken down and excreted by your body). * Again, they cannot say No (or at least not with any meaning — they might say it in a tantrum), because they have no possible way of knowing whether they were going to get better anyway, on the occasions when they apparently got better after seeing a homeopath. * In January 2006 this study was reported in the Independent, bafflingly, as: Miracle Cures Shown to Work Doctors have found statistical evidence that alternative treatments such as special diets, herbal potions and faith healing can cure apparently terminal illness, but they remain unsure about the reasons. * They can confuse an apparently causal relationship, and you have to think of ways to exclude or minimise confounding variables to get to the right answer, or at least be very wary that they are there. * He reviewed a number of studies which apparently showed a positive relationship between having a lot of ß-carotene onboard (this is an antioxidant available in the diet) and a reduced risk of cancer. * Dr Spock had little to go on, but we now know that this advice is wrong, and the apparently trivial suggestion contained in his book, which was so widely read and followed, has led to thousands, and perhaps even tens of thousands, of avoidable cot deaths. * Because despite the way she seems to respond to criticism or questioning of her ideas, her illegal penis pills, the unusually complicated story of her qualifications, despite her theatrical abusiveness, and the public humiliation pantomime of her shows, in which the emotionally vulnerable and obese cry on television, despite her apparently misunderstanding some of the most basic aspects of GCSE biology, despite doling out scientific advice in a white coat, despite the dubious quality of the work she presents as somehow being of academic standard, despite the unpleasantness of the food she endorses, there are still many who will claim: You can say what you like about McKeith, but she has improved the nations diet. * We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything). * We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything). * We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything).

Answer 64

[ə'pær(ə)ntlɪ] / 1) очевидно, несомненно Syn: evidently 2) вероятно, видимо, предположительно, по всей видимости Syn: seemingly , to all appearance

Question 65

conceivable * Symptoms are a very subjective thing, so almost every conceivable way of establishing the benefits of any treatment must start with the individual and his or her experience, building from there. * I dont generally talk or write about being a doctor — its mawkish and tedious, and Ive no desire to preach from authority — but working in the NHS you meet patients from every conceivable walk of life, in huge numbers, discussing some of the most important issues in their lives.

Answer 65

[kən'siːvəbl] / мыслимый, постижимый; вероятный, возможный, потенциальный Syn: thinkable , possible

Question 66

beforehand * Because the placebo effect is far more complex and interesting than most people suspect, going way beyond a mere sugar pill: its about the whole cultural experience of a treatment, your expectations beforehand, the consultation process you go through while receiving the treatment, and much more. * Mbekis presidential advisory panel beforehand was packed with AIDS dissidents, including Peter Duesberg and David Rasnick. * And did Clarion Communications really get eight hundred respondents to an internal email survey for their research, where they knew the result they wanted beforehand, and where Jessica Alba came seventh, but was mysteriously promoted to first after the analysis? * Its only weird and startling when something very, very specific and unlikely happens if you have specifically predicted it beforehand.

Answer 66

[bɪ'fɔːhænd] / 1. ; преждевременный to be beforehand with smb. — опередить кого-л. You are rather beforehand in your conclusions. — Вы делаете слишком поспешные выводы. 2. заранее, вперёд; заблаговременно Syn: in advance , in good time

Question 67

sneaky * It is highly potent, and very sneaky, and you wont know the half of it until you read the placebo chapter in this book. * If you do have to compare your drug with one produced by a competitor — to save face, or because a regulator demands it — you could try a sneaky underhand trick: use an inadequate dose of the competing drug, so that patients on it dont do very well; or give a very high dose of the competing drug, so that patients experience lots of side-effects; or give the competing drug in the wrong way (perhaps orally when it should be intravenous, and hope most readers dont notice); or you could increase the dose of the competing drug much too quickly, so that the patients taking it get worse side-effects. * Of course, another trick you could pull with sideeffects is simply not to ask about them; or rather — since you have to be sneaky in this field — you could be careful about how you ask.

Answer 67

['sniːkɪ] 1. 1) низкий, подлый; трусливый; презренный, ничтожный (о человеке) Syn: mean I, paltry , sneaking , stealthy 2) раболепный, угодливый 3) хитрый, коварный, действующий исподтишка Syn: furtive , surreptitious •• sneaky pete, Sneaky Pete ; — дешёвый спиртной напиток или самогон 2. скрытый микрофон, подслушивающее устройство

Question 68

restate * The explanations either contained neuroscience or didnt, and were either good explanations or bad ones (bad ones being, for example, simply circular restatements of the phenomenon itself, or empty words). * The most they can do is restate, in response to your query, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works. * They can only restate, again, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works.

Answer 68

[ˌriː'steɪt] а) вновь заявлять, утверждать б) заново формулировать; формулировать по-другому

Question 69

query * The most they can do is restate, in response to your query, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works.

Answer 69

['kwɪərɪ] / 1. ; 1) вопрос to raise a query about smth. — задать вопрос о чём-л. to answer a query — отвечать на вопрос We have a number of queries regarding delivery. — У нас есть несколько вопросов по доставке. Syn: question 1., inquiry 2) запрос 3) сомнение There was a query as to who actually owned the hotel. — Возникло сомнение относительно того, кто же на самом деле был хозяином отеля. 4) вопросительный знак (на полях текста) Put a query against Jack's name — I'm not sure if he's coming. — Поставь вопросительный знак напротив имени Джека - я не уверен, что он придёт. 2. 1) а) спрашивать; осведомляться; выяснять, уточнять to query smb. about smb./ smth. — расспрашивать кого-л. о ком-л. / чём-л. б) консультироваться I must query your suggestion with the director, it doesn't seem completely suitable. — Я должен проконсультироваться насчёт вашего предложения с директором - мне кажется, что оно не вполне приемлемо. 2) запрашивать (информацию) 3) выражать сомнение, подвергать сомнению 4) ставить вопросительный знак; помечать вопросительным знаком

Question 70

whereby * Regression to the mean is basically another phrase for the phenomenon whereby, as alternative therapists like to say, all things have a natural cycle. * We should also remember that bizarre English ritual whereby GCSE results get better every year, yet anyone who suggests that the exams are getting easier is criticised for undermining the achievement of the successful candidates. * In fact PR companies are very open to their customers about this practice: it is referred to as advertising equivalent exposure, whereby a news story is put out which can be attached to a clients name. * The equation for the beergoggle effect, whereby ladies become more attractive after some ale, was produced by Dr Nathan Efron, Professor of Clinical Optometry at the University of Manchester, and sponsored by the optical products manufacturer Bausch & Lomb; the formula for the perfect penalty kick, by Dr David Lewis of Liverpool John Moores, was sponsored by Ladbrokes; the formula for the perfect way to pull a Christmas cracker, by Dr Paul Stevenson of the University of Surrey, was commissioned by Tesco; the formula for the perfect beach, by Dr Dimitrios Buhalis of the University of Surrey, sponsored by travel firm Opodo. * It is also the reason why publication in full — and review by anyone in the world who wants to read your paper — is more important than peer review, the process whereby academic journal articles are given the onceover by a few academics working in the field, checking for gross errors and the like. * Regression to the mean We have already looked at regression to the mean in our section on homeopathy: it is the phenomenon whereby, when things are at their extremes, they are likely to settle back down to the middle, or regress to the mean.

Answer 70

[(h)weə'baɪ] / 1) посредством чего, при помощи чего; в соответствии с чем The system whereby the Britons choose their family doctors and the government pays those doctors, is reasonably successful. — Система, в соответствии с которой британцы выбирают себе семейного врача, а правительство оплачивает его услуги, действует достаточно успешно. 2) а) как?, каким образом?; посредством чего? Syn: by what means? , how 1. б) почему?, по какой причине? Syn: for what reason? , why 1.

Question 71

dangle * You might sacrifice a goat and dangle its entrails around your neck. * He had been promised 0.5 per cent of the products profits should it come to market (Horrobin was not responsible, but this is a fairly unusual payment arrangement which would rather dangle temptation in front of your eyes). * Bran dangled, one-handed, panting. * Tyrion Lannister dangled between them, kicking feebly, his face red with shame. * A strand of hair dangled in her eyes, limp with sweat. * "My sun-and-stars is wounded." The arakh cut was wide but shallow; his left nipple was gone, and a flap of bloody flesh and skin dangled from his chest like a wet rag. * Ser Jorah brought his longsword down with all the strength left him, through flesh and muscle and bone, and Qothos forearm dangled loose, flopping on a thin cord of skin and sinew.

Answer 71

['dæŋgl] / 1) болтать (ногами) The children dangled their legs over the side of the swimming pool. — Дети сидели на краю бассейна, болтая ногами. I dangled my feet in the clear blue water. — Я болтал ногами в прозрачной голубой воде. 2) болтаться, свободно свисать, качаться A light bulb dangled from the ceiling. — С потолка свисала электрическая лампочка. The glasses were dangling around her neck on a jewelled chain. — Очки висели у неё на шее на цепочке, украшенной драгоценными камнями. 3) манить, соблазнять, дразнить Other companies dangled huge pay offers before / in front of him. — Другие компании соблазняли его бешеными деньгами. 4) ходить по пятам, увиваться за кем-л. He kept the poor man dangling after him, and at length told him that he was offered a larger sum by another. (Carleton) — Он долго морочил бедняге голову, но в итоге сказал, что ему предложили более высокую цену.

Question 72

bully * You might bully your GP into giving you antibiotics. * They bully, they smear, to the absolute top of the profession, and they do anything they can in a desperate bid to shut you up, and avoid having a discussion about the evidence. * Youre a bastard and a bully." * "A bully?" Jon almost choked on the word.

Answer 72

['bulɪ] / 1. 1) задира, забияка Syn: tease , troublemaker 2) хулиган, драчун A gang of bullies was secretly sent to slit the nose of the offender. — Тайком была отправлена шайка хулиганов, чтобы они расквасили нос обидчику. 3) сутенёр Syn: souteneur , ponce •• A bully is always a coward. — Задира всегда трус. 2. 1) грозить, запугивать, стращать Syn: intimidate 2) (bully into) угрозами или силой заставить (что-л. сделать) Those boys will have to be bullied into action. — Этим парням надо как следует пригрозить, чтобы они начали что-то делать. The boys bullied the small girl into giving them all her money. — Парни так запугали девочку, что она отдала им все деньги. Syn: intimidate , cow • - bully off II ['bulɪ] / ; ; первоклассный, великолепный, высокопробный The cook will give you a bully dinner. — Повар приготовит для вас замечательный обед. •• bully for you! — молодец!, браво! III ['bulɪ] / ; = bully beef мясные консервы

Question 73

exasperation * \* ≡ General practitioners sometimes prescribe antibiotics to demanding patients in exasperation, even though they are ineffective in treating a viral cold, but much research suggests that this is counterproductive, even as a time-saver. * "The old courtesies die hard, my—my daughter." He tried to tug on his missing whiskers, and sighed with exasperation.

Answer 73

[ɪgˌzæsp(ə)reɪʃ(ə)n], [eg-], [-'zɑːsp(ə)-] 1) а) усиление, обострение (боли, болезни и т. п.) б) пароксизм • Syn: exacerbation 2) а) озлобление, раздражение; гнев б) причина гнева, недовольства • Syn: irritation , anger 1.

Question 74

viral * \* ≡ General practitioners sometimes prescribe antibiotics to demanding patients in exasperation, even though they are ineffective in treating a viral cold, but much research suggests that this is counterproductive, even as a time-saver. * Believing in things which have no evidence carries its own corrosive intellectual side-effects, just as prescribing a pill in itself carries risks: it medicalises problems, as we will see, it can reinforce destructive beliefs about illness, and it can promote the idea that a pill is an appropriate response to a social problem, or, a modest viral illness. * There was also a statistically significant benefit in CD4 cell count (a measure of HIV activity) and viral loads. * Ive no desire to scare anyone — and as I said, your beliefs and decisions about vaccines are your business; Im only interested in how you came to be so incredibly misled — but before the introduction of MMR, mumps was the commonest cause of viral meningitis, and one of the leading causes of hearing loss in children.

Answer 74

['vaɪər(ə)l] вирусный viral pneumonia — вирусная пневмония

Question 75

overall * In one study, prescribing antibiotics rather than giving advice on selfmanagement for sore throat resulted in an increased overall workload through repeat attendance. * Thats a placebo-controlled trial of homeopathy pills, and this is not a hypothetical discussion: these trials have been done on homeopathy, and it seems that overall, homeopathy does no better than placebo. * Overall, doing research robustly and fairly does not necessarily require more money, it simply requires that you think before you start. * In the bigger picture it doesnt matter, because overall, even including these suspicious studies, the metaanalyses still show, overall, that homeopathy is no better than placebo. * Shang et al. did a very thorough meta-analysis of a vast number of homeopathy trials, and they found, overall, adding them all up, that homeopathy performs no better than placebo. * Researchers have tried hard in experiments and surveys to characterise placebo responders, but the results overall come out like a horoscope that could apply to everybody: placebo responders have been found to be more extroverted but more neurotic, more well-adjusted but more antagonistic, more socially skilled, more belligerent but more acquiescent, and so on. * Not only were there more lung cancers among the people receiving the supposedly protective ß-carotene supplements, compared with placebo, but this vitamin group also had more deaths overall, from both lung cancer and heart disease. * This showed that overall, antioxidant vitamin pills do not reduce deaths, and in fact they may increase your chance of dying. * So he decided that other factors, such as overall body weight, should also be taken into account when measuring brain size: this explained the larger Germanic brains to his satisfaction. * To give you a flavour of the references he doesnt tell you about, I have taken the trouble to go back in time and find the most up-todate review reference, as the literature stood in 2003: a systematic review and meta-analysis, collected and published in the Lancet, which assessed all the papers published on the subject from decades previously, and found overall that there is no evidence that vitamin E is beneficial.

Answer 75

['əuvərɔːl] / 1) полный, общий, от начала до конца overall dimensions — общие габариты, габаритные размеры 2) всеобщий; всеобъемлющий overall effect — общий эффект The overall situation is good. — В целом ситуация хорошая. Syn: universal , general 1. 3) абсолютный overall winner — победитель по всем видам многоборья 2. [ˌəuvər'ɔːl] 1) повсюду; везде, повсеместно Syn: everywhere , far and wide 2) полностью, в (общем и) целом Overall it was a really good week. — В целом это была очень хорошая неделя. 3. ['əuvərɔːl] / 1) рабочий халат; спецодежда The lab assistant was wearing a white overall. — На лаборанте был белый халат. 2) (overalls) а) джинсовый (рабочий) полукомбинезон Syn: dungaree s б) рабочий комбинезон Syn: coveralls , boilersuit

Question 76

attendance * In one study, prescribing antibiotics rather than giving advice on selfmanagement for sore throat resulted in an increased overall workload through repeat attendance. * They were the only councillors in attendance. * They all laughed then, Joffrey on his throne, and the lords standing attendance, Janos Slynt and Queen Cersei and Sandor Clegane and even the other men of the Kingsguard, the five who had been his brothers until a moment ago.

Answer 76

[ə'tendən(t)s] / 1) присутствие; посещение your attendance is requested — ваше присутствие обязательно hours of attendance — служебные, присутственные часы 2) посещаемость poor / low attendance — плохая посещаемость average attendance — средняя посещаемость daily attendance — ежедневная посещаемость perfect attendance — стопроцентная посещаемость I would advise the tutor not to press his young pupil to give attendance, when he is eagerly engaged with some other favourite pursuit. — Я бы посоветовал преподавателю не настаивать строго на посещаемости уроков, когда ученик погружён в одно из своих любимых занятий. 3) аудитория, публика; зрители there was a large attendance at the meeting — на собрании было много народу Syn: audience , public 4) уход, обслуживание; услуги medical attendance — врачебный уход

Question 77

sore * In one study, prescribing antibiotics rather than giving advice on selfmanagement for sore throat resulted in an increased overall workload through repeat attendance. * It was calculated that if a GP prescribed antibiotics for sore throat to one hundred fewer patients each year, thirty-three fewer would believe that antibiotics were effective, twenty five fewer would intend to consult with the problem in the future, and ten fewer would come back within the next year. * So, Hildebrandt et al. (as they say in academia) looked at forty-two women taking homeopathic arnica for delayed-onset muscle soreness, and found it performed better than placebo. * If your stools are foulsmelling you are sorely in need of digestive enzymes. * If you registered a trial, and conducted it, but it didnt appear in the literature, it would stick out like a sore thumb. * His legs were stiff and sore as he eased down off the bench. * "All it does is get you soiled and dusty and sore." * "Why would you want to ride a smelly old horse and get all sore and sweaty when you could recline on feather pillows and eat cakes with the queen?" * Eddard Stark rode through the towering bronze doors of the Red Keep sore, tired, hungry, and irritable. * If there is war, we shall have sore need of his fathers fleet."

Answer 77

[sɔː] / 1. 1) болячка, рана, язва canker sore — гангренозная язва open sore — открытая рана; язва - running sore - cold sore - saddle sore Syn: scab , defect 2) больное место, рана It is not for me to put my finger on the sore. — Не в моих правилах бередить раны. 2. 1) а) больной; болезненный, чувствительный; воспалённый sore bruise — болезненный ушиб sore thumb — нарыв на большом пальце; больное место б) страдающий, испытывающий душевную боль sore in mind and heart — страдающий духовно и душевно в) вызывающий боль, страдание sore bereavement — болезненная утрата 2) мучительный, тяжкий, тяжёлый 3) раздражённый, сердитый sore loser — тот, кто не умеет проигрывать (при поражении ведёт себя недостойно) • - sore point 3. ; 1) жестоко, тяжело (болеть; страдать физически) Our hero had in all probability been sore sick. — Наш герой, по всей вероятности, был серьёзно болен. Syn: severely , dangerously , seriously 2) глубоко, сильно (страдать душевно) She turned away lamenting very sore. — Она отвернулась, разрыдавшись горькими слёзами. Syn: deeply , intensely 3) жестоко, деспотически (обращаться с кем-л.) His enemies harassed him sore and showed him little mercy. — Его враги жестоко преследовали его и не слишком проявляли к нему сострадание. Syn: oppressively 4) напряжённо, усиленно, усердно; тяжело to work sore, and yet gain nothing — работать так напряжённо и ничего не получить Syn: laboriously , hard 4. ; 1) причинять боль; ранить Some people were on foot, from soring their horses' backs. — Некоторые люди передвигались пешком, чтобы не травмировать спины своих лошадей. 2) (sore up) ; раздражать, злить

Question 78

jinx * An even more extreme version of regression to the mean is what Americans call the Sports Illustrated jinx. * If you fail to understand that, you start looking for another cause for that regression, and you find … the Sports Illustrated jinx. * We saw this with reference to the Sports Illustrated jinx (and Bruce Forsyths Play Your Cards Right), but also applied it to the matter in hand, the question of people getting better: we discussed how people will do something when their back pain is at its worst — visit a homeopath, perhaps — and how although it was going to get better anyway (because when things are at their worst they generally do), they ascribe their improvement to the treatment.

Answer 78

1. [ʤɪŋks] ; а) проклятие, заклятие, сглаз б) человек или вещь, приносящие несчастье to put a jinx on smb. — сглазить, проклясть Syn: Jonah 3) 2. [ʤɪnks] сглазить, проклясть; принести несчатье This town is jinxed. — На этом городе лежит проклятие.

Question 79

grace * Whenever a sportsman appears on the cover of Sports Illustrated, goes the story, he is soon to fall from grace. * Even if he says nothing, what the doctor knows can affect treatment outcomes: the information leaks out, in mannerisms, affect, eyebrows and nervous smiles, as Gracely [1985] demonstrated with a truly ingenious experiment, although understanding it requires a tiny bit of concentration. * In all cases the doctors were blinded to which of the three treatments they were giving to each patient: but Gracely was really studying the effect of his doctors beliefs, so the groups were further divided in half again. * Like most things in the story the natural sciences can tell about the world, its all so beautiful, so gracefully simple, yet so rewardingly complex, so neatly connected — not to mention true — that I cant even begin to imagine why anyone would ever want to believe some New Age alternative nonsense instead. * I would go so far as to say that even if we are all under the control of a benevolent God, and the whole of reality turns out to be down to some flaky spiritual energy that only alternative therapists can truly harness, thats still neither so interesting nor so graceful as the most basic stuff I was taught at school about how plants work. * He was a handsome youth of eighteen, grey-eyed and graceful and slender as a knife. * Which sound is it that unmans you so, Gared?" When Gared did not answer, Royce slid gracefully from his saddle. * Jon was slender where Robb was muscular, dark where Robb was fair, graceful and quick where his half brother was strong and fast. * "The direwolf graces the banners of House Stark," Jon pointed out. * "She is a vision, Your Grace, a vision," he told her brother.

Answer 79

1) грация, грациозность; изящество; плавность She moved with the grace of a gazelle. — Она двигалась с грациозностью газели. Syn: elegance , suppleness , gracefulness , lissomeness 2) готовность, расположение (сделать что-либо) - with a good grace - with good grace - with a bad grace - with bad grace - have the good grace to do smth. - have the grace to do smth. Syn: willingness 3) (graces) а) достоинства, добродетели б) приличия His wife is sadly lacking in social graces I must add. — От себя добавлю, что его жена, к сожалению, не умеет себя вести в приличном обществе. As a girl she learned the graces required of a good hostess. — Ещё девочкой она усвоила, как должна себя вести хорошая хозяйка. 2. 1) украшать Borders of flowers graced the paths in the park. — Дорожки парка были украшены по краям цветами. The house was graced with arch and pillars. — Дом был украшен аркой и колоннами. Syn: adorn , decorate , beautify , ornament , trim , embellish , garnish , deck , bedeck , spruce I 2., smarten , dress up , enhance , enrich 2) удостаивать, награждать God may have graced them more than he has graced us. — Господь, должно быть, вознаградил их больше, чем он вознаградил нас. His Eminence graced the banquet by his presence. — Его Преосвященство удостоил банкет своим присутствием. The governor graced us with his presence. — Губернатор удостоил нас своим присутствием.

Question 80

perceived * Homeopaths increase the odds of a perceived success in their treatments even further by talking about aggravations, explaining that sometimes the correct remedy can make symptoms get worse before they get better, and claiming that this is part of the treatment process. * Four weeks later, the informed group perceived themselves to be getting significantly more exercise than before, and showed a significant decrease in weight, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index, but amazingly, both groups were still reporting the same amount of activity. * But here I want to focus on the stories that can tell us about the way science is perceived, and the repetitive, structural patterns in how we have been misled. * Perceived logical reasoning ability and test performance as a function of actual test performance Kruger and Dunning brought this evidence together, but also did a series of new experiments themselves, looking at skills in domains like humour and logical reasoning.

Answer 80

воспринимаемый

Question 81

aggravation * Homeopaths increase the odds of a perceived success in their treatments even further by talking about aggravations, explaining that sometimes the correct remedy can make symptoms get worse before they get better, and claiming that this is part of the treatment process.

Answer 81

aggravation

Question 82

flogging * Similarly, people flogging detox will often say that their remedies might make you feel worse at first, as the toxins are extruded from your body: under the terms of these promises, literally anything that happens to you after a treatment is proof of the therapists clinical acumen and prescribing skill.

Answer 82

['flɔgɪŋ] порка (телесное наказание)

Question 83

terms * In terms of basic human biochemistry, detox is a meaningless concept. * In some respects, how much you buy into this reflects how self-dramatising you want to be; or in less damning terms, how much you enjoy ritual in your daily life. * Theyre not presented as science, because they come from an era before scientific terms entered the lexicon: but still, Yom Kippur in Judaism, Ramadan in Islam, and all manner of other similar rituals in Christianity, Hinduism, the Bahai faith, Buddhism, Jainism, are each about abstinence and purification (among other things). * To avoid any misunderstandings, this is a dilution of one in 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000, or, to phrase it in the Society of Homeopaths terms, one part per million million million million million million million million million million. * Similarly, people flogging detox will often say that their remedies might make you feel worse at first, as the toxins are extruded from your body: under the terms of these promises, literally anything that happens to you after a treatment is proof of the therapists clinical acumen and prescribing skill. * An article from the Lancet in 1954 — another planet in terms of how doctors spoke about patients — states that for some unintelligent or inadequate patients, life is made easier by a bottle of medicine to comfort the ego. * Instead of just mooching around online and picking out your favourite papers to back up your prejudices and help you sell a product, in a systematic review you have an explicit search strategy for seeking out data (openly described in your paper, even including the search terms you used on databases of research papers), you tabulate the characteristics of each study you find, you measure — ideally blind to the results — the methodological quality of each one (to see how much of a fair test it is), you compare alternatives, and then finally you give a critical, weighted summary. * ≡ I have deliberately expressed this risk in terms of the relative risk increase, as part of a dubious in-joke with myself. * She appears regularly on telly talking about fish oils, using inappropriately technical terms like limbic to a lay audience. * Recent favourites include Social Anxiety Disorder (a new use for SSRI drugs), Female Sexual Dysfunction (a new use for Viagra in women), night eating syndrome (SSRIs again) and so on: problems, in a real sense, but perhaps not necessarily the stuff of pills, and perhaps not best conceived of in reductionist biomedical terms.

Answer 83

[tɜːm] / 1. 1) срок, определённый период; длительность, продолжительность usual term of transportation — обычный срок перевозки term of office — срок полномочий (президента, сенатора и т. п.) jail / prison term — срок тюремного заключения for term of life — пожизненно to serve term — отбыть срок наказания Syn: period 1., duration , length of time 2) а) семестр autumn / fall term — осенний семестр spring term — весенний семестр summer term — летний семестр б) судебная сессия 3) а) срок, момент, когда что-л. нужно сделать; назначенный день (оплаты аренды, выплаты процентов) б) граница, предел Syn: limit 1., extremity , boundary , bound I 1. в) срок разрешения от бремени to have a baby at term — родить ребёнка в срок 4) термин 5) ; член, элемент 6) (terms) выражения, язык, способ выражения abstract term — общее понятие bold term — смелое высказывание clear term — недвусмысленное выражение / высказывание flattering term — льстивые речи glowing term — красноречивое выступление / высказывание She described him in glowing terms. — Она очень ярко описала его. She answered in no uncertain terms. — Её ответ был абсолютно однозначен. 7) (terms) а) условия соглашения, договора terms of the contract — условия контракта inclusive terms — цена, включающая оплату услуг terms of trade — условия торговли (соотношение импортных и экспортных цен) on certain terms — на определённых условиях on our terms — на наших условиях under (the) terms of the agreement — по условиям соглашения to dictate terms — диктовать условия to fulfil the terms of the contract — выполнить условия контракта to set / stipulate terms — ставить условия to state terms — формулировать условия They acceded to all his terms. — Они согласились на все его условия. - equal terms - even terms - favourable terms - surrender terms - come to terms with - make terms with - bring to terms - stand upon terms б) условия оплаты - easy terms 8) (terms) личные отношения familiar / intimate terms — близкие отношения on certain terms with smb. / smth. — в определённых отношениях с кем-л. / чем-л. to be on speaking terms with smb. — разговаривать с кем-л. to negotiate with smb. on equal terms — общаться с кем-л. на равных 2. 1) называть, обозначать, давать имя Such muscles are termed rotators. — Такие мышцы называются мускулами-вращателями. Syn: name 2., call , denominate , designate 2. 2) выражать, показывать Syn: express , show

Question 84

acumen * Similarly, people flogging detox will often say that their remedies might make you feel worse at first, as the toxins are extruded from your body: under the terms of these promises, literally anything that happens to you after a treatment is proof of the therapists clinical acumen and prescribing skill.

Answer 84

['ækjumen] проницательность, сообразительность to demonstrate / display acumen — проявить смекалку, сообразительность business acumen — деловая хватка legal acumen — юридическая проницательность diagnostic acumen — диагностическая интуиция political acumen — политический инстинкт

Question 85

tantrum * Again, they cannot say No (or at least not with any meaning — they might say it in a tantrum), because they have no possible way of knowing whether they were going to get better anyway, on the occasions when they apparently got better after seeing a homeopath.

Answer 85

['tæntrəm] / ; ; = temper tantrum приступ гнева (особенно у ребёнка) to fly into a tantrum — вспыхнуть, разразиться гневом to have a / throw a tantrum — испытывать приступ раздражения He threw a temper tantrum. — Он вышел из себя. Syn: hissy

Question 86

restate * The explanations either contained neuroscience or didnt, and were either good explanations or bad ones (bad ones being, for example, simply circular restatements of the phenomenon itself, or empty words). * The most they can do is restate, in response to your query, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works. * They can only restate, again, their original statement: All I know is, I feel as if it works.

Answer 86

[ˌriː'steɪt] а) вновь заявлять, утверждать б) заново формулировать; формулировать по-другому

Question 87

unambiguous * We have somehow made behavioural phenomena feel connected to a larger explanatory system, the physical sciences, a world of certainty, graphs and unambiguous data. * Even if we had one genuine, unambiguous and astonishing case of a person getting better from terminal cancer, wed still be careful about using that one persons experience, because sometimes, entirely by chance, miracles really do happen. * As weve said before, this is an excellent disease to study, because ulcers are prevalent and treatable, but most importantly because treatment success can be unambiguously recorded by having a look down there with a gastroscope. * I have seen the parent-information leaflets that were distributed for the Durham project, and they are entirely unambiguous in promoting the exercise as a scientific research project. * Specifically, it addressed the charge that people were simply dying of poverty: The evidence that AIDS is caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2 is clear-cut, exhaustive and unambiguous … As with any other chronic infection, various co-factors play a role in determining the risk of disease. * The researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health were so horrified that they put together a press release setting out their support for medication, and stating starkly, with unambiguous clarity, that Matthias Rath had misrepresented their findings. * Again, this is universal, because almost all drugs will be compared against placebo at some stage in their lives, and drug reps — the people employed by big pharma to bamboozle doctors (many simply refuse to see them) — love the unambiguous positivity of the graphs these studies can produce.

Answer 87

[ˌʌnæm'bɪgjuəs] недвусмысленный, точно выраженный Syn: unequivocal , plain

Question 88

palliative * Over the course of many years, a team of Australian oncologists followed 2,337 terminal cancer patients in palliative care. * Here, for example, is a Radio 4 interview, archived in full online, where Dr Elizabeth Thompson (consultant homeopathic physician, and honorary senior lecturer at the Department of Palliative Medicine at the University of Bristol) has a go.

Answer 88

['pælɪətɪv] / 1. 1) паллиативный 2) смягчающий palliative words — смягчающие, успокоительные слова 2. 1) а) паллиатив, лекарство, снимающее симптомы, но не излечивающее болезнь б) полумера The society's board realized that the loan was a palliative, not a cure. — Совет директоров общества понял, что заём был не панацеей, а полумерой. Syn: half measure 2) смягчающее обстоятельство

Question 89

bafflingly * In January 2006 this study was reported in the Independent, bafflingly, as: Miracle Cures Shown to Work Doctors have found statistical evidence that alternative treatments such as special diets, herbal potions and faith healing can cure apparently terminal illness, but they remain unsure about the reasons.

Answer 89

['bæflɪŋ] 1) а) трудный, тяжёлый baffling problem — трудная задача - baffling complexity Syn: difficult , hard б) неблагоприятный - baffling winds Syn: unfavourable , shifting , variable 1. 2) непостижимый, загадочный; сбивающий с толку, приводящий в замешательство Syn: bewildering

Question 90

spectacular * Valmont Cellular DNA Complex is made from specially treated salmon roe DNA (Unfortunately, smearing salmon on your face wont have quite the same effect, said The Times in their review), but its spectacularly unlikely that DNA — a very large molecule indeed — would be absorbed by your skin, or indeed be any use for the synthetic activity happening in it, even if it was. * Its an entirely transparent process, and this one idea has probably saved more lives, on a more spectacular scale, than any other idea you will come across this year. * He found, spectacularly, that four sugar pills are better than two (these findings have also been replicated in a different dataset, for those who are switched on enough to worry about the replicability of important clinical findings). * The New England Journal of Medicine was not impressed, publishing a pair of spectacularly critical editorials. * In the aggregate, these breakthrough stories sell the idea that science — and indeed the whole empirical world view — is only about tenuous, new, hotly contested data and spectacular breakthroughs. * Its not the spectacular individual stories that are the problem, so much as the constant daily grind of stupid little ones. * But I am spectacularly, supremely, incandescently unimpressed when a university starts to offer BSc science courses in them. * Specifically, I do not blame Andrew Wakefield for the MMR scare (although hes done things I hope I would not), and I find it — lets be very clear once again — spectacularly distasteful that the media are now revving up to hold him singly responsible for their own crimes, in regard to that debacle. * But the greatest opportunity cost comes, of course, in the media, which has failed science so spectacularly, getting stuff wrong, and dumbing down.

Answer 90

[spek'tækjələ] / 1. 1) а) производящий глубокое впечатление; впечатляющий; эффектный Syn: imposing , impressive б) волнующий, захватывающий Syn: thrilling , gripping 2) театральный (характеризующий представление, спектакль, зрелище) a spectacular splendour — театральное великолепие a spectacular display — театральный спектакль 2. впечатляющий театральный спектакль; яркое театральное представление A television spectacular transmitted by the National Broadcasting Company. — Грандиозное телепредставление, которое транслировалось Национальной телерадиокомпанией.

Question 91

submit * Just one thing gives me hope, and that is the steady trickle of emails I receive on the subject from children, ecstatic with delight at the stupidity of their teachers: Id like to submit to Bad Science my teacher who gave us a handout which says that Water is best absorbed by the body when provided in frequent small amounts. * Daniel, on the other hand, was willing to compromise, so he suggested the first ever clinical trial: And Daniel said unto the guard … Submit us to this test for ten days. * It even invites people to submit new clinical questions that need an answer. * The Royal Pharmaceutical Society was expressing concern at these covert marketing strategies in the mainstream pharmaceutical industry as long ago as 1991: Barred from labelling products with detailed medicinal claims unless they submit to the licensing procedure, it said, manufacturers and marketing companies are resorting to methods such as celebrity endorsements, free pseudomedical product literature, and press campaigns that have resulted in uncritically promotional features in large-circulation newspapers and magazines. * APPROPRIATE CRIMINAL SANCTION In view of the scale and gravity of Achmats crime and his direct personal criminal culpability for the deaths of thousands of people, to quote his own words, it is respectfully submitted that the International Criminal Court ought to impose on him the highest sentence provided by Article 77.1 (b) of the Rome Statute, namely to permanent confinement in a small white steel and concrete cage, bright fluorescent light on all the time to keep an eye on him, his warders putting him out only to work every day in the prison garden to cultivate nutrient-rich vegetables, including when its raining. * Rightly or wrongly, finding out that something doesnt work probably isnt going to win you a Nobel Prize — theres no justice in the world — so you might feel demotivated about the project, or prioritise other projects ahead of writing up and submitting your negative finding to an academic journal, and so the data just sits, rotting, in your bottom drawer. * Every time you submit to a different journal you might have to re-format the references (hours of tedium). * Yet back on the Bite it had seemed prudent to submit to a crewmans razor, after his whiskers had become hopelessly befouled for the third time while he leaned over the rail and retched into the swirling winds. * "Your brother Jaime would never have meekly submitted to capture at the hands of a woman."

Answer 91

[səb'mɪt] / 1) (submit to) а) подчиняться, покоряться They were forced to submit to military discipline. — Они были вынуждены покориться военной дисциплине. б) подчинять, покорять 2) представлять на рассмотрение to submit a question — задать вопрос в письменном виде to submit to superior force — представить на рассмотрение вышестоящих инстанций to submit to arbitration — представить третейскому суду They submitted their report to us. — Они представили нам на рассмотрение свой доклад. 3) указывать, утверждать Their lawyer submits that there are no grounds for denying bail. — Их адвокат утверждает, что нет никаких оснований для отказа в освобождении под залог.

Question 92

assigned * Give us only vegetables to eat and water to drink; then compare our looks with those of the young men who have lived on the food assigned by the King and be guided in your treatment of us by what you see. * At the end of ten days they looked healthier and were better nourished than all the young men who had lived on the food assigned them by the King. * The researchers enrolled 1,078 HIV-positive pregnant women and randomly assigned them to have either a vitamin supplement or placebo.

Answer 92

1) ассигнованный 2) заданный; назначенный • each element is assigned two indices — каждому элементу ставятся в соответствие два индекса to adhere to assigned tolerances — выдерживать допуск - arbitrarily assigned

Question 93

nourished * At the end of ten days they looked healthier and were better nourished than all the young men who had lived on the food assigned them by the King.

Answer 93

['nʌrɪʃ] / 1) а) кормить, питать The human body can be nourished on any food. — Человеческий организм может питаться любой пищей. Syn: feed 2. б) вскармливать, растить Syn: nurture 2., rear I 2) кормить грудью, вскармливать Syn: suckle 3) питать, лелеять (надежду) Syn: promote , foster 4) удобрять (землю) 5) оказывать поддержку, снабжать, поддерживать Their profits nourish other criminal activities. (Beverly Smith) — Их прибыли поддерживают другие виды криминальной деятельности. Syn: maintain , support 2.

Question 94

appropriate * Then, at an appropriate time later, we could measure how many in each group got better. * Believing in things which have no evidence carries its own corrosive intellectual side-effects, just as prescribing a pill in itself carries risks: it medicalises problems, as we will see, it can reinforce destructive beliefs about illness, and it can promote the idea that a pill is an appropriate response to a social problem, or, a modest viral illness. * However, none of these factors weaker the scientific evidence that HIV is the sole cause of AIDS … Mother-to-child transmission can be reduced by half or more by short courses of antiviral drugs … What works best in one country may not be appropriate in another. * But then, on page fifty-eight, this indictment document suddenly deteriorates into something altogether more vicious and unhinged, as Brink sets out what he believes would be a a appropriate punishment for Zackie. * APPROPRIATE CRIMINAL SANCTION In view of the scale and gravity of Achmats crime and his direct personal criminal culpability for the deaths of thousands of people, to quote his own words, it is respectfully submitted that the International Criminal Court ought to impose on him the highest sentence provided by Article 77.1 (b) of the Rome Statute, namely to permanent confinement in a small white steel and concrete cage, bright fluorescent light on all the time to keep an eye on him, his warders putting him out only to work every day in the prison garden to cultivate nutrient-rich vegetables, including when its raining. * Testing Treatments by Imogen Evans, Hazel Thornton and Iain Chalmers is also a work of great genius, appropriate for a lay audience, and amazingly also free to download online from www. jameslindlibrary.org. * The only way it would or rather should happen is if GP practices have a surgical day care facility as part of their premises which is staffed by appropriately trained staff, i.e. theatre staff, anaesthetist and gynaecologist … any surgical operation is not without its risks, and presumably [we] will undergo gynaecological surgical training in order to perform. * The king had appropriated Ser Raymuns audience chamber, and that was where Ned found them. * I shall need appropriate garments." * Since she did not look the sort to join the Nights Watch, Tyrion could only imagine that she had decided mourning clothes were appropriate garb for a confession.

Answer 94

[ə'prəuprɪət] / ; 1) подходящий, соответствующий; должный appropriate dress — подобающая одежда book not appropriate for children — книга, не подходящая для детей appropriate conduct — должное поведение Accommodation is comfortable and appropriate to nature of horse trekking. — Условия проживания комфортные и приспособлены для конных маршрутов. 2) свойственный, присущий sensuality that is deeply appropriate to both words and music of the album — чувственность, глубоко присущая и текстам, и музыке альбома 2. [ə'prəuprɪeɪt] 1) присваивать He appropriated the trust funds for himself. — Он присвоил себе фонды треста. Syn: usurp 2) назначать, предназначать Syn: intend , destine 3) ассигновать Congress appropriated the funds to the states. — Конгресс выделил денежные средства для штатов. The committee appropriated money for the memorial. — Комитет выделил деньги на возведение мемориала. Syn: earmark 2. 2)

Question 95

encountered * Speaking with homeopaths, I have encountered a great deal of angst about the idea of measuring, as if this was somehow not a transparent process, as if it forces a square peg into a round hole, because measuring sounds scientific and mathematical. * My whole purpose in writing this book is to teach good science by examining the bad, so you will be pleased to hear that the very first claim Holford makes, in the very first paragraph of his key chapter, is a perfect example of a phenomenon we have already encountered: cherry-picking, or selecting the data that suits your case. * I hooked out the paper Professor Holford is referencing for this claim: it is a retrospective reanalysis of a review of trials, his key chapter, is a perfect example of a phenomenon we have already encountered: cherry-picking, or selecting the data that suits your case. * I hooked out the paper Professor Holford is referencing for this claim: it is a retrospective reanalysis of a review of trials, his key chapter, is a perfect example of a phenomenon we have already encountered: cherry-picking, or selecting the data that suits your case. * When your parents were young they could fix their own car, and understand the science behind most of the everyday technology they encountered, but this is no longer the case.

Answer 95

[ɪn'kauntə], [en-] / 1. 1) а) случайная встреча brief / fleeting encounter — короткая встреча, мимолётное свидание casual / chance encounter — случайная встреча - close encounter б) первый опыт (общения с чем-либо) , первое знакомство It was his first serious encounter with alcohol. — Это было первое в его жизни знакомство с алкоголем. 2) а) столкновение, стычка Syn: collision , clash б) схватка, бой Syn: combat 2. 1) а) (неожиданно) встретиться, столкнуться (с кем-л.) Syn: meet б) наталкиваться на (трудности) , столкнуться с (трудностями) 2) сталкиваться; иметь столкновение

Question 96

angst * Speaking with homeopaths, I have encountered a great deal of angst about the idea of measuring, as if this was somehow not a transparent process, as if it forces a square peg into a round hole, because measuring sounds scientific and mathematical.

Answer 96

[æŋ(k)st] ; 1) страх, экзистенциальная тревога 2) тревога, беспокойство, боязнь; страх teenage angst — подростковый страх mummy-angst novel — роман о вечно обеспокоенной мамаше II от angstrom

Question 97

fatigue * Or to measure the effect their fatigue has had on their life that week: how many days theyve been able to get out of the house, how far theyve been able to walk, how much housework theyve been able to do. * Today, similarly, there are often situations where people want treatment, but medicine has little to offer — lots of back pain, stress at work, medically unexplained fatigue and most common colds, to give just a few examples. * You might remember the scare stories about mercury fillings from the past two decades: they come around every few years, usually accompanied by a personal anecdote in which fatigue, dizziness and headaches are all vanquished following the removal of the fillings by one visionary dentist. * "No doubt we will have time for all this later, but my journey has fatigued me.

Answer 97

[fə'tiːg] / 1. 1) а) усталость, утомление mental fatigue — умственная усталость the mortal fatigue — смертельная усталость to feel fatigue — чувствовать усталость She was in a state of complete fatigue. — Она была в состоянии полного изнеможения. Syn: exhaustion б) апатия, душевная усталость (от чего-л.) , невосприимчивость (к чему-л.) voter fatigue — апатия, пассивность электората; усталость избирателей (от часто проводимых выборов) - compassion fatigue - threat fatigue 2) тяжёлая, утомительная работа Syn: toil 1. 3) ; = fatigue duty нестроевой наряд, хозяйственная работа 4) (fatigues) ; = fatigue dress рабочая одежда солдата 5) ; = metal fatigue усталость (металлов) 2. изматывать, изнурять, утомлять My morning's work has fatigued me. — Утренняя работа утомила меня. Syn: tire , weary

Question 98

bluster * We might use the General Health Questionnaire, for example, because its a standardised tool; but for all the bluster, the GHQ-12, as it is known, is just a simple list of questions about your life and your symptoms. * MMR is an excellent parallel example of where the bluster, the panic, the concerned experts and the conspiracy theories of the media were very compelling, but the science itself was rarely explained. * If I refuse him, he will roar and curse and bluster, and in a week we will laugh about it together. * Lord Jonos Bracken arrived from the ruins of Stone Hedge, glowering and blustering, and took a seat as far from Tytos Blackwood as the tables would permit.

Answer 98

['blʌstə] / 1. 1) бушевать; реветь (о буре) ; завывать (о ветре) 2) шуметь, грозиться 3) неистовствовать, бесноваться 4) хвастаться • Syn: rage , rave •• - bluster it out 2. 1) рёв бури 2) шум, пустые угрозы 3) хвастовство

Question 99

perpetrating * If anti-authoritarian rhetoric is your thing, then bear this in mind: perpetrating a placebo-controlled trial of an accepted treatment — whether its an alternative therapy or any form of medicine — is an inherently subversive act.

Answer 99

['pɜːpɪtreɪt] / 1) совершать, быть ответственным за (что-л.) A high proportion of crime in any country is perpetrated by young males in their teens and twenties. — Большой процент преступлений в любой стране совершается молодыми людьми в возрасте до тридцати лет. 2) сотворить - perpetrate a pun

Question 100

inherently * If anti-authoritarian rhetoric is your thing, then bear this in mind: perpetrating a placebo-controlled trial of an accepted treatment — whether its an alternative therapy or any form of medicine — is an inherently subversive act. * Simple regression is confused with causation, and this is perhaps quite natural for animals like humans, whose success in the world depends on our being able to spot causal relationships rapidly and intuitively: we are inherently oversensitive to them. * No matter what you do with statistics about risk or recovery, your numbers will always have inherently low psychological availability, unlike miracle cures, scare stories, and distressed parents.

Answer 100

[ɪn'her(ə)ntlɪ] по сути, по своему существу, в своей основе There is nothing inherently improbable in this tradition. — По сути в этой традиции нет ничего невероятного. Syn: intrinsically

Question 101

subversive * If anti-authoritarian rhetoric is your thing, then bear this in mind: perpetrating a placebo-controlled trial of an accepted treatment — whether its an alternative therapy or any form of medicine — is an inherently subversive act. * And asbestos, through some genuinely brave and subversive investigative work, was shown to cause mesothelioma.

Answer 101

[səb'vɜːsɪv] / 1. ниспровергатель; человек, ведущий подрывную политическую деятельность 2. подрывной, антиправительственный subversive activities — подрывная деятельность subversive literature — подрывная литература

Question 102

undermine * You undermine false certainty, and you deprive doctors, patients and therapists of treatments which previously pleased them. * Well, firstly, as I have said, this was the most well-reported trial of that year, and the fact that it was such a foolish exercise could only undermine the publics understanding of the very nature of evidence and research. * When people realise that they are flawed by design, then exercises like this undermine the publics faith in research: this can only undermine willingness to participate in research, of course, and recruiting participants into trials is difficult enough at the best of times. * Each undermines and distorts science in its own idiosyncratic way. * But this is nagged up in the study, and you can decide whether you think it undermines its overall findings. * In an era when mainstream media is in fear for its life, their claims to act as effective gatekeepers to information are somewhat undermined by the content of pretty much every column or blog entry Ive ever written.

Answer 102

[ˌʌndə'maɪn] / 1) делать подкоп, подкапывать 2) минировать; взрывать, подрывать Syn: mine 3) подрывать, расшатывать, разрушать, подтачивать to undermine smb.'s health — подорвать чьё-л. здоровье to undermine smb.'s authority — подрывать чей-л. авторитет to undermine morale among soldiers — подрывать боевой дух солдат to undermine stability in the Middle East — дестабилизировать ситуацию на Ближнем Востоке to undermine confidence in the banking system — вызывать недоверие к банковской системе 4) подмывать, размывать (берег)

Question 103

deprive * You undermine false certainty, and you deprive doctors, patients and therapists of treatments which previously pleased them. * We should always remember the human cost of these abstract numbers: babies died unnecessarily because they were deprived of this li fe-saving treatment for a decade.

Answer 103

[dɪ'praɪv] / 1) отбирать, отнимать, лишать (чего-л.) to deprive of self-control — лишить самообладания The hot sun deprived the flowers of water. — Солнце иссушило цветы. You cannot deprive me of my rights. — Ты не можешь лишить меня моих прав. Many children are deprived of a good education, simply because they live in the wrong place. — Многие дети лишены возможности получать хорошее образование только потому, что живут не там, где надо. Syn: divest , strip , bereave , dispossess 2) лишать должности 3) отрешать от должности; отбирать бенефиций

Question 104

surgeons * Archie Cochrane, one of the grandfathers of evidence-based medicine, once amusingly described how different groups of surgeons were each earnestly contending that their treatment for cancer was the most effective: it was transparently obvious to them all that their own treatment was the best. * We had no way of knowing whether keyhole surgery was better than open surgery, for example, until a group of surgeons from Sheffield came along and did a very theatrical trial, in which bandages and decorative fake blood squirts were used, to make sure that nobody could tell which type of operation anyone had received. * Mitchel in the early twentieth century was performing full amputations and mastectomies, entirely without anaesthesia; and surgeons from before the invention of anaesthesia often described how some patients could tolerate knife cutting through muscle, and saw cutting through bone, perfectly awake, and without even clenching their teeth. * He goes on: Theres a whole group of plastic surgeons in the States whove done a study giving some women pomegranates to eat, and juice to drink, after plastic surgery and before plastic surgery: and they heal in half the time, with half the complications, and no visible wrinkles! * And while were talking about it, you probably dont want oxygen inside your abdomen anyway: in keyhole surgery, surgeons have to inflate your abdomen to help them see what theyre doing, but they dont use oxygen, because theres methane fart gas in there too, and we dont want anyone catching fire on the inside. * Skid mark stools probably dont want oxygen inside your abdomen anyway: in keyhole surgery, surgeons have to inflate your abdomen to help them see what theyre doing, but they dont use oxygen, because theres methane fart gas in there too, and we dont want anyone catching fire on the inside.

Answer 104

['sɜːʤ(ə)n] / 1) хирург obstetric surgeon — акушер, акушерка 2) военный, военно-морской врач, офицер медицинской службы Syn: doctor

Question 105

earnestly * Archie Cochrane, one of the grandfathers of evidence-based medicine, once amusingly described how different groups of surgeons were each earnestly contending that their treatment for cancer was the most effective: it was transparently obvious to them all that their own treatment was the best. * It makes me quite depressed to think about her, sitting up, perhaps alone, studiously and earnestly typing this stuff out. * "This… this is all wrong," Sam Tarly said earnestly.

Answer 105

['ɜːnɪstlɪ] / настоятельно, убедительно

Question 106

contending * Archie Cochrane, one of the grandfathers of evidence-based medicine, once amusingly described how different groups of surgeons were each earnestly contending that their treatment for cancer was the most effective: it was transparently obvious to them all that their own treatment was the best.

Answer 106

[kən'tend] / 1) бороться; вступать в единоборство, противостоять; сопротивляться to contend with / against smb. / smth. — бороться с кем-л. / чем-л., против кого-л. / чего-л. to contend for the faith — сражаться за веру We try to make the trains run on time, but we can't contend against the weather. — Мы пытаемся наладить расписание поездов, но мы не можем воевать с погодой. Syn: fight 2. 2) спорить; полемизировать, дискутировать; отстаивать своё мнение, утверждать The two nations have been contending about the rights to deep-sea fishing in their waters. — Две страны спорили о правах на глубоководный лов рыбы в пределах их территориальных вод. When a marriage ends, the former husband and wife often contend over the children. — После развода бывшие супруги часто спорят о том, кому достанутся дети. He contended that he had been cheated. — Он утверждал, что его обманули. Syn: argue , dispute 2. 3) соперничать, соревноваться, состязаться to contend for the championship — состязаться за первенство; сражаться за чемпионское звание Jim had to contend against (with) the world's best runners, and did well to come third. — Соперниками Джима были лучшие бегуны мира, так что его третье место - отличный результат. Syn: compete , vie

Question 107

dogged * Cochrane went so far as to bring a collection of them together in a room, so that they could witness each others dogged but conflicting certainty, in his efforts to persuade them of the need for trials. * Tears were streaming down the maesters face, yet he shook his head doggedly.

Answer 107

['dɔgɪd] / 1. упрямый, упорный, настойчивый It's dogged that does it. — Терпение и труд всё перетрут. Syn: persevering , pertinacious , persistent 2. ; чрезвычайно, очень

Question 108

complementary * But before we take a single step into this arena, we should be clear on one thing: despite what you might think, Im not desperately interested in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (a dubious piece of phraseological rebranding in itself). * (The literature from complementary and alternative medicine — CAM — often fails badly at the stage of interpretation: medics sometimes know if theyre quoting duff papers, and describe the flaws, whereas homeopaths tend to be uncritical of anything positive.) * This may strike you as neither holistic nor complementary. * On very close questioning, some nutritionists will acknowledge that theirs is a complementary or alternative therapy, but the House of Lords inquiry into alternative medicines, for example, didnt even list it as one.

Answer 108

[ˌkɔmplɪ'ment(ə)rɪ] добавочный, дополнительный - complementary angles Syn: additional , extra 2.

Question 109

duff * (The literature from complementary and alternative medicine — CAM — often fails badly at the stage of interpretation: medics sometimes know if theyre quoting duff papers, and describe the flaws, whereas homeopaths tend to be uncritical of anything positive.) * Emotive anecdotes from distressed parents were pitted against old duffers in corduroy, with no media training, talking about scientific data.

Answer 109

I [dʌf] 1) тесто 2) клёцка Syn: dumpling 3) даф (пудинг; готовится в мешочке или на пару) II [dʌf] ; 1) угольная мелочь Syn: slack 2) ; палый лист и хворост; лесная подстилка Syn: litter 1. 6) III [dʌf] ; 1) подделывать, фальсифицировать; искусно выдавать одно за другое 2) мошенничать, обманывать; надувать, вводить в заблуждение Syn: cheat , defraud , swindle 3) воровать скот и менять клеймо He'd think more of duffing a red ox than all the money in the country. — Он бы скорее украл рыжего быка, чем весь капитал страны. 4) (duff up) ; бить, избивать Syn: beat up 1) 5) ; ; запороть удар (в гольфе) Syn: mishit 2. 6) ; портачить, портить Syn: bungle 2. IV [dʌf] ; ; 1) бесполезный; сломанный; низкокачественный 2) поддельный, фальшивый V [dʌf] ; ; задница VI [dʌf] ; ; (up the duff) брюхатый, беременный

Question 110

scrutiny * That is why its important that research is always published, in full, with its methods and results available for scrutiny.

Answer 110

['skruːtɪnɪ] / 1) внимательный осмотр; исследование, наблюдение close / strict scrutiny — подробное рассмотрение constant scrutiny — постоянное наблюдение open to scrutiny — открытый для исследования under constant scrutiny — под постоянным наблюдением to bear scrutiny — проходить тщательное исследование, рассмотрение, изучение to demand scrutiny — требовать подробного рассмотрения His record will not bear close scrutiny. — В его документах есть к чему придраться при внимательном изучении. Syn: examination , inquiry , investigation 2) внимательный, испытующий взгляд He was looking downward with the scrutiny of curiosity. — Он внимательно и с любопытством смотрел вниз. 3) проверка правильности результатов голосования

Question 111

swanky * One of the people on the swanky new blood pressure pills comes in and has a blood pressure reading that is way off the scale, much higher than I would have expected, especially since theyre on this expensive new drug.

Answer 111

['swæŋkɪ] ; ; swank ; роскошный, шикарный, щегольской, щеголеватый swanky limousine — шикарный лимузин swanky hotel — роскошный отель Syn: posh

Question 112

unaware * I go for lunch, entirely unaware that I am calmly and quietly polluting the data, destroying the study, producing inaccurate evidence, and therefore, ultimately, killing people (because our greatest mistake would be to forget that data is used for serious decisions in the very real world, and bad information causes suffering and death). * In Paulings defence, his was an era when people knew no better, and he was probably quite unaware of what he was doing: but today cherry-picking is one of the most common dubious practices in alternative therapies, and particularly in nutrition-ism, where it seems to be accepted essentially as normal practice (it is this cherry-picking, in reality, which helps to characterise what alternative therapists conceive of rather grandly as their alternative paradigm). * This is an excellent example of a phenomenon described in one of my favourite psychology papers: Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing Ones Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments, by Justin Kruger and David Dunning. * More than that, previous studies had already found that unskilled readers are less able to rate their own text comprehension, bad drivers are poor at predicting their own performance on a reaction-time test, poorly performing students are worse at predicting test performance, and most chillingly, socially incompetent boys are essentially unaware of their repeated faux pas. * Their findings were twofold: people who performed particularly poorly relative to their peers were unaware of their own incompetence; but more than that, they were also less able to recognize competence in others, because this, too, relied on meta-cognition, or knowledge about the skill. * He was watching the action, so absorbed that he seemed unaware of her approach until his white wolf moved to meet them. * "Theres much to be said for taking people unawares. * All the while the man atop the lamb girl continued to plunge in and out of her, so intent on his pleasure that he seemed unaware of what was going on around him. * Did he think to take them unawares while they slept? Small chance of that; whatever else might be said of him, Tywin Lannister was no mans fool.

Answer 112

[ˌʌnə'weə] / ; 1) не знающий, не ведающий to be unaware of smth. — не иметь информации о чём-л. They were unaware that the road had been closed. — Они не знали, что дорога перекрыта. 2) неосторожный, опрометчивый, безрассудный

Question 113

suffering * I go for lunch, entirely unaware that I am calmly and quietly polluting the data, destroying the study, producing inaccurate evidence, and therefore, ultimately, killing people (because our greatest mistake would be to forget that data is used for serious decisions in the very real world, and bad information causes suffering and death). * He took two women who were suffering with nausea and vomiting, one of them pregnant, and told them he had a treatment which would improve their symptoms. * The problems of publication bias, duplicate publication and hidden data on side-effects — which all cause unnecessary death and suffering — would be eradicated overnight, in one fell swoop. * Or as the Daily Mail, in an article titled How Pills for Your Headache Could Kill, reported: British research revealed that patients taking ibuprofen to treat arthritis face a 24 per cent increased risk of suffering a heart attack. * And on general health complaints: Based on my expertise in dowsing, I noted that many of my patients were suffering from severe deficiencies of carbon in their systems. * I can lessen His Graces suffering, but only the gods can heal him now." * If she flung herself from the window, she could put an end to her suffering, and in the years to come the singers would write songs of her grief.

Answer 113

['sʌf(ə)rɪŋ] / 1. страдание, боль, мука to alleviate / ease / relieve suffering — облегчать страдания to bear / endure suffering — терпеть боль, терпеть страдания to inflict suffering on smb. — причинять кому-л. страдания chronic suffering — постоянная боль great / incalculable / intense / untold suffering — невыразимые страдания 2. страдающий, мучающийся •• suffering cat(s)!, the suffering Moses! — чёрт! вот ведь! (восклицание, выражающее досаду, удивление)

Question 114

exaggerated * Some of the biggest figures in evidence-based medicine got together and did a review of blinding in all kinds of trials of medical drugs, and found that trials with inadequate blinding exaggerated the benefits of the treatments being studied by 17 per cent. * The most that could be pinned on the drug companies were some fairly trivial howlers: things like using inadequate doses of the competitors drug (as we said above), or making claims in the conclusions section of the paper that exaggerated a positive finding. * Varys lifted the knife with exaggerated delicacy and ran a thumb along its edge. * Jon poured with exaggerated care, vaguely aware that he was drawing out the act.

Answer 114

[ɪg'zæʤəreɪtɪd], [eg-] 1) непомерный, чрезвычайный, чрезмерный; преувеличенный, гиперболизированный greatly / grossly exaggerated — сильно преувеличенный exaggerated praise — непомерное восхваление; низкопоклонство Syn: excessive 2) а) ненормально большой; гигантский, исполинский; чрезмерно выросший, переросший Syn: monstrous , overgrown б) ненормально расширенный, увеличенный (о сердце и т. п.)

Question 115

obscure * Blinding is not some obscure piece of nitpicking, idiosyncratic to pedants like me, used to attack alternative therapies. * I think, both here and elsewhere, that despite what journalists and self-appointed experts might say, people are perfectly capable of understanding the evidence for a claim, and anyone who withholds, overstates or obscures that evidence, while implying that theyre doing the reader a favour, is probably up to no good. * Problematising antioxidants We have seen the kinds of errors made by those in the nutri-tionism movement as they strive to justify their more obscure and technical claims. * This is not an incidental issue, an obscure backwater of McKeiths work, nor is it a question of which school of thought you speak for: the nutritional energy of a piece of food is one of the most important things you could possibly think of for a nutritionist to know about. * This is not an incidental issue, an obscure backwater of McKeiths work, nor is it a question of which school of thought you speak for: the nutritional energy of a piece of food is one of the most important things you could possibly think of for a nutritionist to know about. * A charming but obscure blogger called PhDiva made some relatively innocent comments about nutritionists, mentioning McKeith, and received a letter threatening costly legal action from Atkins Solicitors, the reputation and brand-management specialists. * Google received a threatening legal letter simply for linking to — forgive me — a fairly obscure webpage on McKeith. * Shortly after the publication of her book Living Food for Health, John Garrow wrote an article about some of the bizarre scientific claims Dr McKeith was making, and his piece was published in a fairly obscure medical newsletter. * So Garrow made a modest proposal in a fairly obscure medical newsletter. * We then have a twenty-five-year-old report from the Bateman Catering Organisation (who?), apparently with the wrong date; a paper on vitamin B12; some experiment without a control reported in a 1987 ION pamphlet so obscure its not even in the British Library (which has everything).

Answer 115

[əb'skjuə] / 1. 1) непонятный; невразумительный, неясный I found her lecture very obscure. — Её лекция показалась мне очень непонятной. - for some obscure reason Syn: abstruse , unintelligible , incomprehensible , recondite Ant: clear 1., explicit 1., plain I 1., transparent 2) неизвестный; малоизвестный an obscure German poet — малоизвестный немецкий поэт Details of this period of Shakespeare's life remain obscure. — Подробности этого периода в жизни Шекспира остаются неизвестны. Syn: unknown , little known 3) тёмный, слабо освещённый, тусклый; мрачный misty and obscure day — туманный и пасмурный день Syn: dark 1., gloomy , dim 1., dismal 1. 4) неопределённый, неотчётливый, неясный, смутный The fog is so dense, you can only make out the obscure shape of trees. — Туман настолько густой, что можно различить лишь смутные очертания деревьев. Syn: indistinct , vague , faint 1. 5) глухой, уединённый, удалённый an obscure country village — глухая деревушка Syn: remote 2., secluded , hidden , retired 6) тусклый, выцветший (о красках) Syn: dingy , dull 1. 7) слабый, редуцированный (о гласных) 2. 1) а) затемнять, затенять The moon was now quite obscured. — Луна полностью скрылась (за облаками). The view was obscured by fog. — Видимость была затруднена из-за тумана. Syn: darken , dim 3. б) загораживать; мешать (обзору) Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window. — Рядом с её домом выросли два новых небоскрёба и закрыли вид из её окна. Syn: conceal 2) делать неясным, непонятным; затемнять Recent successes obscure the fact that the company is still in trouble. — В свете последних успехов компании становится непонятным, почему она до сих пор испытывает трудности. 3) утаивать, скрывать Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators. — Руководители намеренно скрывали истинное положение дел от федеральных следователей. Syn: disguise 2. 4) затмевать, превосходить His fame was obscured by the fame of his wife. — Слава его жены затмила его собственную. Syn: overshadow , outshine 5) редуцировать (гласный)

Question 116

nitpicking * Blinding is not some obscure piece of nitpicking, idiosyncratic to pedants like me, used to attack alternative therapies.

Answer 116

['nɪtpɪkɪŋ] ; педантство, придирки или претензии по мелочам; скрупулёзное выискивание недостатков

Question 117

significant * For all that you might have learnt something useful here about the experimental method, there is something more significant you should have picked up: it is expensive, tedious and time-consuming to test every whim concocted out of thin air by therapists selling unlikely miracle cures. * Closer to home for homeopathy, a review of trials of acupuncture for back pain showed that the studies which were properly blinded showed a tiny benefit for acupuncture, which was not statistically significant (well come back to what that means later). * Meanwhile, the trials which were not blinded — the ones where the patients knew whether they were in the treatment group or not — showed a massive, statistically significant benefit for acupuncture. * \* ≡ So, Pinsent performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fifty-nine people having oral surgery: the group receiving homeopathic arnica experienced significantly less pain than the group getting placebo. * There was a study by Campbell which had thirteen subjects in it (which means a tiny handful of patients in both the homeopathy and the placebo groups): it found that homeopathy performed better than placebo (in this teeny-tiny sample of subjects), but didnt check whether the results were statistically significant, or merely chance findings. * Looking at the blobbogram, we can see that there are lots of not-very-certain studies, long horizontal lines, mostly touching the central vertical line of no effect; but theyre all a bit over to the left, so they all seem to suggest that steroids might be beneficial, even if each study itself is not statistically significant. * Pain is an area where you might suspect that expectation would have a particularly significant effect. * Four weeks later, the informed group perceived themselves to be getting significantly more exercise than before, and showed a significant decrease in weight, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index, but amazingly, both groups were still reporting the same amount of activity. * As you would expect by now, just through manipulating what the doctors believed about the injection they were giving, even though they were forbidden from vocalising their beliefs to the patients, there was a difference in outcome between the two groups: the first group experienced significantly less pain. * Another study from 2002 looked at seventy-five trials of antidepressants over the previous twenty years, and found that the response to placebo has increased significantly in recent years (as has the response to medication), perhaps as our expectations of those drugs have increased.

Answer 117

[sɪg'nɪfɪkənt] / 1. 1) значительный, важный, существенный; знаменательный significant achievement — важное достижение significant differences / changes — существенные различия / изменения to exercise a significant influence — оказывать существенное влияние to play a significant part — играть важную роль It was significant to note that the story did not appear in the newspapers. — Важно отметить, что эта история не появилась в газетах. Syn: essential 1., grave III 1., important , momentous , serious Ant: insignificant , marginal , trivial , unimportant 2) многозначительный; выразительный significant look — многозначительный взгляд Syn: expressive 3) а) значимый (о суффиксе и т. п.) б) значимый significant range — область значимости в) значащий significant figure — значащая цифра г) достоверный significant experiment — достоверный опыт significant error — достоверная ошибка 4) показательный, показывающий 2. 1) знак, символ; обозначение; указание Syn: sign 1., symbol , indication 2) означающее Syn: signifier

Question 118

sham * Its called Brain Gym, it is pervasive throughout the state education system, its swallowed whole by teachers, its presented directly to the children they teach, and its riddled with transparent, shameful and embarrassing nonsense. * If I was a different kind of person Id be angrily confronting the responsible government departments, and demanding to know what they were going to do about it, and reporting back to you with their mumbling and shamed defence. * (The placebo control for acupuncture, in case youre wondering, is sham acupuncture, with fake needles, or needles in the wrong places, although an amusing complication is that sometimes one school of acupuncturists will claim that another schools sham needle locations are actually their genuine ones.) * The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, for example, is one of Americas most shaming hours, if it is possible to say such a thing these days: 399 poor, rural African - American men were recruited by the US Public Health Service in 1932 for an observational study to see what happened if syphilis was left, very simply, untreated. * Sham ultrasound is beneficial for dental pain, placebo operations have been shown to be beneficial in knee pain (the surgeon just makes fake keyhole surgery holes in the side and mucks about for a bit as if hes doing something useful), and placebo operations have even been shown to improve angina. * It was found that the placebo operation was just as good as the real one — people seemed to get a bit better in both cases, and there was little difference between the groups — but the most strange thing about the whole affair was that nobody made a fuss at the time: the real operation wasnt any better than a sham operation, sure, but how could we explain the fact that people had been sensing an improvement from the operation for a very long time? * Even more recently, one study of a very hi-tech angioplasty treatment, involving a large and sciencey-looking laser catheter, showed that sham treatment was almost as effective as the full procedure. * Quesalid was a sceptic: he thought shamanism was bunk, that it only worked through belief, and he went undercover to investigate this idea. * He found a shaman who was willing to take him on, and learned all the tricks of the trade, including the classic performance piece where the healer hides a tuft of down in the corner of his mouth, and then, sucking and heaving, right at the peak of his healing ritual, brings it up, covered in blood from where he has discreetly bitten his lip, and solemnly presents it to the onlookers as a pathological specimen, extracted from the body of the afflicted patient. * Although he continued to maintain a healthy scepticism about most of his colleagues, Quesalid, to his own surprise perhaps, went on to have a long and productive career as a healer and shaman.

Answer 118

[ʃæm] / 1. 1) а) притворство, симуляция Syn: dissimulation , pretence , hypocrisy б) подделка, фальсификация в) мошенничество, обман; мистификация Syn: swindle 1., fraud , hoax 1. 2) а) притворщик, симулянт Syn: pretender , hypocrite б) обманщик; жулик, мошенник Syn: cheat 2., deceiver 3) декоративный чехол, накидка, салфетка pillow sham — чехол для подушки 2. 1) а) притворный; напускной sham illness — симуляция болезни Syn: feigned , pretended , mock 2. б) мнимый; прикидывающийся, выдающий себя (за кого-л.) sham king — лжецарь, самозванец Syn: phoney 2., pretended 2) а) поддельный, подложный; фальшивый, фиктивный sham marriage — фиктивный брак Syn: counterfeit 2., spurious , bogus , mock 2. б) ненастоящий, бутафорский в) учебный, показной sham battle — показной, учебный бой • Ant: genuine 3. прикидываться, притворяться; симулировать persons shamming an epileptic fit — люди, имитирующие эпилептические припадки What did you sham dead for? — Зачем ты прикидывался мёртвым? Syn: simulate 1., feign •• to sham Abraham — ; притворяться больным, симулировать

Question 119

backhanders * When doctors and scientists say that a study was methodologically flawed and unreliable, its not because theyre being mean, or trying to maintain the hegemony, or to keep the backhanders coming from the pharmaceutical industry: its because the study was poorly performed — it costs nothing to blind properly — and simply wasnt a fair test.

Answer 119

['bækhændə] ; взятка, подкуп

Question 120

inadequacies * We should be absolutely clear that the inadequacies here are not unique, I do not imply malice, and I am not being mean. * In third place was a systematic review which showed an association between suicide attempts and the use of SSRIs, and critically highlighted some of the inadequacies around the reporting of suicides in clinical trials.

Answer 120

[ɪn'ædɪkwəsɪ] неадекватность; несоответствие требованиям; недостаточность Syn: insufficiency , paucity , deficiency

Question 121

imply * We should be absolutely clear that the inadequacies here are not unique, I do not imply malice, and I am not being mean. * I think, both here and elsewhere, that despite what journalists and self-appointed experts might say, people are perfectly capable of understanding the evidence for a claim, and anyone who withholds, overstates or obscures that evidence, while implying that theyre doing the reader a favour, is probably up to no good.

Answer 121

[ɪm'plaɪ] / 1) предполагать, подразумевать, заключать в себе, значить rights imply obligations — наличие прав предполагает и наличие обязанностей Syn: suggest , involve 2) выражать неявно, иметь в виду, намекать His silence implied consent. — Его молчание означало согласие. It is not directly asserted, but it seems to be implied. — Это не утверждается открыто, но, видимо, подразумевается. Syn: mean III, hint 2.

Question 122

malice * We should be absolutely clear that the inadequacies here are not unique, I do not imply malice, and I am not being mean.

Answer 122

['mælɪs] / 1) злоба to bear malice to smb. — таить злобу против кого-л. They felt no malice toward their former enemies. — Они не чувствовали злобы по отношению к своим бывшим врагам. Syn: spite , rage 2) злой умысел actual malice / malice in fact — злой умысел, установленный по фактическим обстоятельствам дела challengeable malice / questionable malice — спорный злой умысел challenged malice — оспоренный злой умысел established malice — доказанный злой умысел express malice — явно выраженный злой умысел found malice — признанный злой умысел malice aforethought — заранее обдуманный злой умысел murderous malice — злой умысел на совершение убийства presumed malice — предполагаемый злой умысел testified malice — злой умысел по свидетельским показаниям universal malice — неконкретизированный злой умысел

Question 123

appraise * What we are doing is simply what medics and academics do when they appraise evidence. * Their literature and debates drip with ignorance, and vitriolic anger at anyone who dares to appraise the trials. * Nobody could deny that this kind of data is valuable in the theoretical domain, for developing hypotheses, or suggesting safety risks, when cautiously appraised. * In fact, as you know, I claim no special expertise whatsoever: I hope I can read and critically appraise medical academic literature — something common to all recent medical graduates — and I apply this pedestrian skill to the millionaire businesspeople who drive our cultures understanding of science. * This, once again, is why it is so important that we have clear strategies available to us to appraise evidence, regardless of its conclusions, and this is the major strength of science. * Journalists are used to listening with a critical ear to briefings from press officers, politicians, PR executives, salespeople, lobbyists, celebrities and gossipmongers, and they generally display a healthy natural scepticism: but in the case of science, they dont have the skills to critically appraise a piece of scientific evidence on its merits. * Journalists — and many campaigners — think that this is what it means to critically appraise a scientific argument, and seem rather proud of themselves when they do it. * For one thing, these important scientific findings were being reported in newspapers and magazines, and at meetings, in fact anywhere except proper academic journals where they could be read and carefully appraised.

Answer 123

[ə'preɪz] / оценивать, расценивать, производить оценку; устанавливать цену The house was appraised at seventy thousand dollars. — Дом оценили в семьдесят тысяч долларов.

Question 124

soreness * So, Hildebrandt et al. (as they say in academia) looked at forty-two women taking homeopathic arnica for delayed-onset muscle soreness, and found it performed better than placebo. * She could feel the heat soaking through the soreness between her thighs.

Answer 124

['sɔːnəs] 1) боль, болезненность, чувствительность Syn: pain 1. 2) а) раздражительность; гнев, раздражение Syn: irritability б) обидчивость Syn: touchiness в) чувство обиды

Question 125

rigging * We randomly assign patients to the placebo sugar pill group or the homeopathy sugar pill group, because otherwise there is a risk that the doctor or homeopath — consciously or unconsciously — will put patients who they think might do well into the homeopathy group, and the no-hopers into the placebo group, thus rigging the results. * Even after rigging their survey, they had to re-rig it: The Clarion press release was not approved by me and is factually incorrect and misleading in suggesting there has been any serious attempt to do serious mathematics here. * High overhead, the far-eyes sang out from the rigging.

Answer 125

['rɪgɪŋ] / 1) подтасовка, фальсификация, мошенничество ballot / election / vote rigging — фальсификация результатов выборов 2) а) такелаж, корабельные снасти running rigging — бегучий такелаж standing rigging — стоячий такелаж б) оснащение такелажем, такелажные работы 3) такелаж stage rigging — сценический такелаж (для управления декорациями, занавесом) rigging equipment — такелажное оборудование 4) одежда Syn: clothing • - climb the rigging

Question 126

careless * Its rare to find an experimenter so careless that theyve not randomised the patients at all, even in the world of CAM. * A light snow had fallen the night before, and there were stones and roots and hidden sinks lying just under its crust, waiting for the careless and the unwary. * The stroke had been quick and careless, biting deep.

Answer 126

['keələs] / 1) небрежный, невнимательный Syn: negligent , slipshod 2) легкомысленный, несерьёзный; беззаботный; беспечный careless of danger — не думающий об опасности It was careless of you to leave the door unlocked. — Ты поступил(а) легкомысленно, оставив дверь незапертой. Syn: carefree , light-headed

Question 127

inept * In some inept trials, in all areas of medicine, patients are randomised into the treatment or placebo group by the order in which they are recruited onto the study — the first patient in gets the real treatment, the second gets the placebo, the third the real treatment, the fourth the placebo, and so on. * "I can only stomach so much ineptitude in any one day. * "Let us hope you are not as inept as you look," Ser Alliser said.

Answer 127

[ɪ'nept] / 1) неподходящий, непригодный; неуместный, несвоевременный He has used inept words. — Его слова были неуместны. Syn: unsuitable , inappropriate , unfit 2) а) неумелый, некомпетентный б) глупый, нелепый He looked at you as an inept animal. — Он смотрел на тебя, как глупое животное. Syn: foolish , silly 3) недействительный

Question 128

glaring * This sounds fair enough, but in fact its a glaring hole that opens your trial up to possible systematic bias. * The ease in which people these days suffer hairline fractures and broken bones is glaringly apparent to the eyes that are trained to see. * Arya heard and whirled around, glaring. * Glaring, Shagga let go his grip on the reins.

Answer 128

['gleərɪŋ] 1. 1) яркий, ослепительный (о свете) ; слепящий Syn: vivid 2) слишком яркий, кричащий (о цвете) 3) грубый, бросающийся в глаза, вопиющий - glaring contrast - glaring mistake Syn: flagrant 4) пристальный и свирепый (о взгляде) 2. 1) сияние, сверкание 2) свирепость (взгляда) The glaring of eyes could belong only to devils or tigers. — Такой свирепый взгляд мог принадлежать только дьяволу или тигру.

Question 129

inconceivable * Its not inconceivable that the homeopath might just decide — again, consciously or unconsciously — that this particular patient probably wouldnt really be interested in the trial.

Answer 129

[ˌɪnkən'siːvəbl] / ; = unconceivable невообразимый, немыслимый, непостижимый It is inconceivable that she could be considered for the job. — Невероятно, как её только взяли на работу. Syn: unthinkable , unimaginable , incredible

Question 130

meticulous * This is probably the most popular method amongst meticulous researchers, who are keen to ensure they are doing a fair test, simply because youd have to be an out-and-out charlatan to mess it up, and youd have to work pretty hard at the charlatanry too. * Professor Holford doesnt give a reference for his single, unusual trial which contradicts the entire body of research meticulously summarised by Cochrane, but it doesnt matter: whatever it is, because it conflicts with the meta-analysis, we can be clear that it is cherry-picked. * Professor Holford doesnt give a reference for his single, unusual trial which contradicts the entire body of research meticulously summarised by Cochrane, but it doesnt matter: whatever it is, because it conflicts with the meta-analysis, we can be clear that it is cherry-picked. * Professor Holford doesnt give a reference for his single, unusual trial which contradicts the entire body of research meticulously summarised by Cochrane, but it doesnt matter: whatever it is, because it conflicts with the meta-analysis, we can be clear that it is cherry-picked. * This phenomenon reaches its pinnacle in alternative therapists — or scaremongers — who unquestioningly champion anecdotal data, whilst meticulously examining every large, carefully conducted study on the same subject for any small chink that would permit them to dismiss it entirely. * On six of the eight, where Dr Malyszewicz PhD believed he had found MRSA, the lab found none at all (and these plates were subjected to meticulous and forensic microbiological analyses, including PCR, the technology behind genetic fingerprinting).

Answer 130

[mə'tɪkjələs] / мелочный; дотошный; тщательный; щепетильный, педантичный Syn: careful , petty , paltry , punctilious , scrupulous , precise

Question 131

dodgy * As with blinding, people have studied the effect of randomisation in huge reviews of large numbers of trials, and found that the ones with dodgy methods of randomisation overestimate treatment effects by 41 per cent. * As it happens (I promise Ill stop this soon), there have been two landmark studies on whether inadequate information in academic articles is associated with dodgy, overly flattering results, and yes, studies which dont report their methods fully do overstate the benefits of the treatments, by around 25 per cent. * You might look at education and awareness about food and diet, as Jamie Oliver recently did very well, without recourse to dodgy pseudoscience or miracle pills. * The story was also compelling because, like GM food, the MMR story seemed to fit a fairly simple moral template, and one which I myself would subscribe to: big corporations are often dodgy, and politicians are not to be trusted.

Answer 131

['dɔʤɪ] 1) изворотливый, ловкий; нечестный, с хитрецой Syn: evasive , tricky , artful 2) хитроумный, запутанный The roads are too dodgy to be grasped. — Дороги слишком запутанны, чтобы их запомнить. Syn: difficult , awkward 3) непрочный, шаткий, сомнительный Syn: shaky 4) непредсказуемый, рискованный It will be a bit dodgy driving tonight. — Сегодня вечером вести машину будет достаточно рискованно. Syn: chancy , risky

Question 132

overstate * Again, I do not speak from prejudice: trials with unclear methods of randomisation overstate treatment effects by 30 per cent, almost as much as the trials with openly rubbish methods of randomisation. * As it happens (I promise Ill stop this soon), there have been two landmark studies on whether inadequate information in academic articles is associated with dodgy, overly flattering results, and yes, studies which dont report their methods fully do overstate the benefits of the treatments, by around 25 per cent. * I think, both here and elsewhere, that despite what journalists and self-appointed experts might say, people are perfectly capable of understanding the evidence for a claim, and anyone who withholds, overstates or obscures that evidence, while implying that theyre doing the reader a favour, is probably up to no good. * \* ≡ In fact, its hard to overstate quite how large the fish-oil circus became, over the many years it ran. * It wasnt described in the publication, and it overstated the advantage of Vioxx regarding ulcers, while understating the increased risk of heart attacks. * This was a childish overstatement, and that doesnt help anyone either.

Answer 132

[ˌəuvə'steɪt] / преувеличивать The gravity of the situation cannot be overstated. — Опасность такого положения трудно переоценить. Syn: exaggerate

Question 133

sufficient * In fact, as a general rule its always worth worrying when people dont give you sufficient details about their methods and results. * Once the association was set up with sufficient repetition, they found that the flavoured drink on its own could induce modest immune suppression. * This proximity to real academic scientific work summons up sufficient paradoxes that it is reasonable to wonder what might happen in Teesside when Professor Holford begins to help shape young minds. * According to Holfords catalogue: It needs no batteries as it is powered by the wearer — the microchip is activated by a copper induction coil which picks up sufficient micro currents from your heart to power the pendant. * Alternative therapists like to suggest that their treatments and ideas have not been sufficiently researched. * The evidence is indeed weak, because the drug companies have failed to subject their medications to sufficiently rigorous testing on real-world outcomes, rigorous testing that would be much less guaranteed to produce a positive result. * Chris Malyszewicz … is a fully trained microbiologist with eighteen years experience … We believe the test media used … were sufficient to detecl the presence of pathogenic type MRSA. * This result was seized upon the following year by the anti-vaccinationists and used against the necessity for any such law, and it seems they had sufficient influence to cause its repeal. * The Institute of Medicine, the Royal Colleges, the NHS, and more, all came out in support of MMR, but this was apparently not sufficient to convince. * Anybody can understand anything, as long as it is clearly explained — but more than that, if they are sufficiently interested.

Answer 133

[sə'fɪʃ(ə)nt] / 1. достаточный; обоснованный lawfully sufficient — юридически достаточный; юридически обоснованный reasonably sufficient — достаточно обоснованный sufficient for smth. — достаточный для чего-л. He had not sufficient courage for it. — На это у него не хватило смелости. It would have been sufficient to send a brief note. — Можно было ограничиться лишь кратким сообщением. A sufficient number to make a quorum. — Достаточное количество людей для кворума. The English people is sufficient for itself. — Английский народ самодостаточен. Syn: adequate 2. ; достаточное количество

Question 134

landmark * As it happens (I promise Ill stop this soon), there have been two landmark studies on whether inadequate information in academic articles is associated with dodgy, overly flattering results, and yes, studies which dont report their methods fully do overstate the benefits of the treatments, by around 25 per cent. * The logo of the Cochrane Collaboration features a simplified blobbogram, a graph of the results from a landmark meta-analysis which looked at an intervention given to pregnant mothers. * A landmark meta-analysis was published recently in the Lancet.

Answer 134

['lændmɑːk] / 1) а) межевой знак, веха б) береговой знак 2) бросающийся в глаза объект местности, ориентир; достопримечательность The Rock of Gibraltar is one of Europe's most famous landmarks. — Гибралтарская скала - один из самых знаменитых ориентиров Европы. We ride past the Kremlin and other historic landmarks. — Мы проезжаем мимо Кремля и других исторических достопримечательностей. 3) поворотный пункт, веха (в истории) It is a landmark in the history of the computer. — Это поворотный пункт в истории вычислительных машин.

Question 135

arbitrarily * Lets go back to the eight studies in Ernsts review article on homeopathic arnica — which we chose pretty arbitrarily — because they demonstrate a phenomenon which we see over and over again with CAM studies: most of the trials were hopelessly methodologically flawed, and showed positive results for homeopathy; whereas the couple of decent studies — the most fair tests — showed homeopathy to perform no better than placebo.

Answer 135

[ˌɑːbɪ'tre(ə)r(ə)lɪ] / 1) без достаточных оснований, произвольно; своевольно 2) деспотично, тиранически Their rights have been arbitrarily invaded by the present House of Commons. — Их права были грубо попраны Палатой общин настоящего созыва. Syn: despotically

Question 136

decent * Lets go back to the eight studies in Ernsts review article on homeopathic arnica — which we chose pretty arbitrarily — because they demonstrate a phenomenon which we see over and over again with CAM studies: most of the trials were hopelessly methodologically flawed, and showed positive results for homeopathy; whereas the couple of decent studies — the most fair tests — showed homeopathy to perform no better than placebo. * "Bogs and forests and fields, and scarcely a decent inn north of the Neck. * Any decent master-at-arms could give Arya the rudiments of slash-and-parry without this nonsense of blindfolds, cartwheels, and hopping about on one leg, but he knew his youngest daughter well enough to know there was no arguing with that stubborn jut of jaw. * She had loved him, she said, and she wanted to see him decently buried.

Answer 136

['diːs(ə)nt] / 1) подходящий, пристойный Syn: appropriate , apt , moral 2) приличный, порядочный; благопристойный, скромный; сдержанный to do the decent thing — проявить порядочность She had a decent upbringing. — Она была хорошо воспитана. Syn: modest , frugal 3) славный, хороший; неплохой, сносный decent restaurant — приличный ресторан

Question 137

offends * I am not sceptical about this study because it offends my prejudices, but because of the high dropout rate. * "If her wailing offends your ears, Khaleesi, Jhogo will bring you her tongue." He drew his arakh.

Answer 137

[ə'fend] / 1) (offend against) действовать против чего-л ; нарушить что-л. Syn: transgress 2) обижать, оскорблять 3) задевать; раздражать Syn: vex , annoy , displease , anger 2. 4) а) соблазнять, сбивать с пути истинного б) служить соблазном, камнем преткновения

Question 138

exaggerate * Some of the biggest figures in evidence-based medicine got together and did a review of blinding in all kinds of trials of medical drugs, and found that trials with inadequate blinding exaggerated the benefits of the treatments being studied by 17 per cent. * Ignoring drop-outs tends to exaggerate the benefits of the treatment being tested, and a high drop-out rate is always a warning sign. * The most that could be pinned on the drug companies were some fairly trivial howlers: things like using inadequate doses of the competitors drug (as we said above), or making claims in the conclusions section of the paper that exaggerated a positive finding. * Varys lifted the knife with exaggerated delicacy and ran a thumb along its edge. * Jon poured with exaggerated care, vaguely aware that he was drawing out the act.

Answer 138

[ɪg'zæʤəreɪt], [eg-] / 1) гиперболизировать, преувеличивать; усложнять to exaggerate greatly / grossly — сильно преувеличивать to exaggerate man's virtues — преувеличивать человеческие добродетели Syn: magnify , overstate 2) чрезмерно увеличивать, расширять; усиливать Syn: enlarge , increase 2. 3) излишне подчёркивать

Question 139

deign * The study by Gibson et al. did not mention randomisation, nor did it deign to mention the dose of the homeopathic remedy, or the frequency with which it was given. * Two large trials of antioxidants were set up after Petos paper (which rather gives the lie to nutritionists claims that vitamins are never studied because they cannot be patented: in fact there have been a great many such trials, although the food supplement industry, estimated by one report to be worth over $50 billion globally, rarely deigns to fund them). * This time the Standard did deign to reply: We stand by the accuracy and integrity of our articles. * \* ≡ In 2008, just as this chapter was being put to bed, some journalists deigned — miraculously — to cover a PCR experiment with a negative finding. * Ser Waymar Royce did not deign to reply. * The gods did not deign to answer. * Aemon sent two copies, with his best birds, but who can say? More like, Pycelle did not deign to reply.

Answer 139

[deɪn] / снизойти; соблаговолить; соизволить; удостоить He did not deign to speak. — Он не соизволил заговорить. He did not deign an answer. — Он не удостоил нас ответом. Syn: condescend

Question 140

deceitfully * These are the kinds of papers that homeopaths claim as evidence to support their case, evidence which they claim is deceitfully ignored by the medical profession.

Answer 140

[dɪ'siːtf(ə)lɪ], [-fulɪ] 1) вероломно, предательски 2) обманчиво

Question 141

regarded * So now you can see, I would hope, that when doctors say a piece of research is unreliable, thats not necessarily a stitch-up; when academics deliberately exclude a poorly performed study that flatters homeopathy, or any other kind of paper, from a systematic review of the literature, its not through a personal or moral bias: its for the simple reason that if a study is no good, if it is not a fair test of the treatments, then it might give unreliable results, and so it should be regarded with great caution. * Ive suggested in various places, including at academic conferences, that the single thing that would most improve the quality of evidence in CAM would be funding for a simple, evidence-based medicine hotline, which anyone thinking about running a trial in their clinic could phone up and get advice on how to do it properly, to avoid wasting effort on an unfair test that will rightly be regarded with contempt by all outsiders. * It was an outrageous attempt to discredit and silence him, said Tony Field, chairman of the national MRSA support group, who inevitably regarded Dr Malyszewicz as a hero, as did many who had suffered at the hands of this bacterium. * He ran a large obstetric unit, seeing a large number of cases, and he was rightly regarded as a hero — receiving a CBE — but its sobering to think that he was only in such a good position to spot the pattern because he had prescribed so much of the drug, without knowing its risks, to his patients. * Less than a third of broadsheet reports referred to the overwhelming evidence that MMR is safe, and only 11 per cent mentioned that it is regarded as safe in the ninety other countries in which it is used. * Their lord father regarded Jon thoughtfully. * Jaime Lannister regarded his brother thoughtfully with those cool green eyes. * "I dont think shed like Nymeria helping, either." The she-wolf regarded him silently with her dark golden eyes. * Sansa regarded her scrawny little sister in disbelief. * The queen regarded him coolly.

Answer 141

[rɪ'gɑːd] / 1. 1) внимание, забота to show regard — проявлять заботу Due regard should be given to all facets of the question. — Следует уделить должное внимание рассмотрению всех аспектов этого вопроса. He ought to have more regard for his health. — Он должен побольше заботиться о своём здоровье. He shows no regard for the feelings of others. — Он пренебрегает чувствами других. Syn: attention , care 1., concern 1., consideration , heed 1. 2) расположение, уважение hold smb. in high regard — быть высокого мнения о ком-л. His hard work won him the regard of his colleagues. — Благодаря упорному труду он завоевал уважение своих коллег. - out of regard for smb. Syn: esteem 1., estimation , respect 1. 3) (regards) привет, поклон; пожелания cordial regards — сердечные пожелания friendly regards — дружеские пожелания kind / kindest / sincere regards — добрые, искренние пожелания personal regards — отдельный, особый персональный привет кому-л. warm / warmest regards — тёплые пожелания with best personal regards — с наилучшими пожеланиями Give him my regards. — Передай ему привет от меня. Syn: wish 1. 4) касательство, отношение, связь With regard to your request, no decision has been made. — Что касается вашего запроса, решения по нему пока не вынесли - in regard to - with regard to - in this regard - without regard Syn: concern 1., relation , respect 1. 5) внимательный взгляд, взор Syn: look 1., gaze 1. 2. 1) (regard as) расценивать, рассматривать; считать (кем-л. / чем-л.) They regarded him as their enemy. — Они видели в нём своего врага. I regard it as my duty. — Я считаю это своим долгом. Syn: consider 2) относиться Your request has been regarded with favour by the committee. — Комитет с пониманием отнёсся к вашему запросу. The plan was regarded with considerable suspicion. — К плану отнеслись со значительной долей подозрительности. 3) касаться (кого-л. / чего-л.) , иметь отношение (к кому-л. / чему-л.) - as regards - as regarding Syn: concern 2.

Question 142

robustly * Overall, doing research robustly and fairly does not necessarily require more money, it simply requires that you think before you start. * We must put aside the irony here of taking homeopathy to a country that has been engaged in a water war with neighbouring Namibia; and we must also let lie the tragedy of Botswanas devastation by AIDS, which is so phenomenal — Ill say it again: a quarter of the population are HIV positive — that if it is not addressed rapidly and robustly the entire economically active portion of the population could simply cease to exist, leaving what would be effectively a non-country.

Answer 142

[rə'bʌst] / 1) крепкий, здоровый; сильный; твёрдый robust young man — здоровый крепкий юноша robust nervous system — крепкие нервы robust plant — сильное растение robust faith — непоколебимая вера robust plastic — твёрдый пластик robust tenor — звучный тенор Syn: strong 1., firm II 1., healthy , sturdy , vigorous 2) трудный, трудоёмкий, требующий затрат сил и энергии robust work — работа, требующая много сил и энергии Syn: hard 1. 3) крепкий (о напитках) ; обильный (о пище) robust coffee — крепкий кофе robust dinner — сытный обед Syn: full-bodied , hearty 1. 4) здравый, ясный (об уме) 5) грубый, грубоватый (о стиле, языке, выражениях) Syn: coarse , rough 1., rude

Question 143

whodunnit * There is, however, a mystery in this graph: an oddity, and the makings of a whodunnit.

Answer 143

[ˌhuː'dʌnɪt] ; детективный роман, фильм и т. п.

Question 144

bucking * This is an anomalous finding: suddenly, only at that end of the graph, there are some good-quality trials bucking the trend and showing that homeopathy is better than placebo.

Answer 144

I ['bʌkɪŋ] щелочение, бучение (белья) II ['bʌkɪŋ] дробление руды, измельчение руды

Question 145

astute * The fact, however, that the average result of the 10 trials scoring 5 points on the Jadad score contradicts this notion, is consistent with the hypomesis that some (by no means all) methodologically astute and highly convinced homeopaths have published results that look convincing but are, in fact, not credible.

Answer 145

[ə'st(j)uːt] / 1) хитроумный, хитрый, ловкий, коварный Syn: wily , crafty 2) проницательный, прозорливый, дальновидный; сообразительный Syn: keen , shrewd

Question 146

overall * In one study, prescribing antibiotics rather than giving advice on selfmanagement for sore throat resulted in an increased overall workload through repeat attendance. * Thats a placebo-controlled trial of homeopathy pills, and this is not a hypothetical discussion: these trials have been done on homeopathy, and it seems that overall, homeopathy does no better than placebo. * Overall, doing research robustly and fairly does not necessarily require more money, it simply requires that you think before you start. * In the bigger picture it doesnt matter, because overall, even including these suspicious studies, the metaanalyses still show, overall, that homeopathy is no better than placebo. * Shang et al. did a very thorough meta-analysis of a vast number of homeopathy trials, and they found, overall, adding them all up, that homeopathy performs no better than placebo. * Researchers have tried hard in experiments and surveys to characterise placebo responders, but the results overall come out like a horoscope that could apply to everybody: placebo responders have been found to be more extroverted but more neurotic, more well-adjusted but more antagonistic, more socially skilled, more belligerent but more acquiescent, and so on. * Not only were there more lung cancers among the people receiving the supposedly protective ß-carotene supplements, compared with placebo, but this vitamin group also had more deaths overall, from both lung cancer and heart disease. * This showed that overall, antioxidant vitamin pills do not reduce deaths, and in fact they may increase your chance of dying. * So he decided that other factors, such as overall body weight, should also be taken into account when measuring brain size: this explained the larger Germanic brains to his satisfaction. * To give you a flavour of the references he doesnt tell you about, I have taken the trouble to go back in time and find the most up-todate review reference, as the literature stood in 2003: a systematic review and meta-analysis, collected and published in the Lancet, which assessed all the papers published on the subject from decades previously, and found overall that there is no evidence that vitamin E is beneficial.

Answer 146

1. ['əuvərɔːl] / 1) полный, общий, от начала до конца overall dimensions — общие габариты, габаритные размеры 2) всеобщий; всеобъемлющий overall effect — общий эффект The overall situation is good. — В целом ситуация хорошая. Syn: universal , general 1. 3) абсолютный overall winner — победитель по всем видам многоборья 2. [ˌəuvər'ɔːl] 1) повсюду; везде, повсеместно Syn: everywhere , far and wide 2) полностью, в (общем и) целом Overall it was a really good week. — В целом это была очень хорошая неделя. 3. ['əuvərɔːl] / 1) рабочий халат; спецодежда The lab assistant was wearing a white overall. — На лаборанте был белый халат. 2) (overalls) а) джинсовый (рабочий) полукомбинезон Syn: dungaree s б) рабочий комбинезон Syn: coveralls , boilersuit

Question 147

bung * A meta-analysis is a very simple thing to do, in some respects: you just collect all the results from all the trials on a given subject, bung them into one big spreadsheet, and do the maths on that, instead of relying on your own gestalt intuition about all the results from each of your little trials. * Well shove our swords up Tywin Lannisters bunghole soon enough, begging your pardons, and then its on to the Red Keep to free Ned." * "Do you think I cant tell Lord Stannis from Lord Tywin? Theyre both bungholes who think theyre too noble to shit, but never mind about that, I know the difference.

Answer 147

I [bʌŋ] 1. 1) пробка, затычка, втулка; большая пробка (в бочке) Syn: stopper 2) = bunghole отверстие в бочке 3) владелец пивной, закусочной, бара; трактирщик There's a pub in North London which might help: the bung is named Scoot. — На севере Лондона есть паб, который может оказаться полезным: хозяина зовут Скут. Syn: innkeeper , tavern keeper 2. 1) = bung up закупоривать, затыкать The leaves bunged up the hole. — В дыру насыпались листья. Syn: cork 3., stop up , block , stuff 2. 5) 2) подбить глаз (в драке) 3) = bung in; швырять Just bung in some old bricks to fill up the hole. — Просто накидай в эту дыру битого кирпича. Syn: throw 2., toss 2., fling • - bung in - bung off - bung up II [bʌŋ] ; ; 1) поломанный, неисправный, негодный 2) мёртвый, умерший Syn: dead , lifeless 3) обанкротившийся to go bung — обанкротиться III [bʌŋ] 1. ; ; взятка, подкуп Syn: bribe 1. 2. ; ; давать взятку, подкупать Syn: bribe 2. IV [bʌŋ] ; ложь, обман

Question 148

paltry * To look at it another way, the universe contains about 3 x 1080 cubic metres of storage space (ideal for starting a family): if it was filled with water, and one molecule of active ingredient, this would make for a rather paltry 55C dilution. * So if there are, say, ten randomised, placebocontrolled trials looking at whether asthma symptoms get better with homeopathy, each of which has a paltry forty patients, you could put them all into one meta-analysis and effectively (in some respects) have a four-hundred-person trial to work with.

Answer 148

['pɔːltrɪ] / 1) пустяковый, мелкий, незначительный They suffered an electoral catastrophe, winning a paltry 3 seats. — Они с треском проиграли выборы, получив каких-то жалких три места. The parents had little interest in paltry domestic concerns. — Родителей мало интересовали мелкие домашние проблемы. Syn: trivial , trifling 2) жалкий, презренный - paltry fellow - paltry excuses - paltry liar

Question 149

prematurely * When people give birth prematurely, as you might expect, the babies are more likely to suffer and die. * One study on African potato in HIV had to be terminated prematurely, because the patients who received the plant extract developed severe bone-marrow suppression and a drop in their CD4 cell count — which is a bad thing — after eight weeks.

Answer 149

[ˌpremə'tjuəlɪ], ['preməʧəlɪ] безвременно; преждевременно Syn: untimely

Question 150

pooled * The diamond at the bottom shows the pooled answer: that there is, in fact, very strong evidence indeed for steroids reducing the risk — by 30 to 50 per cent — of babies dying from the complications of immaturity. * It pooled four different groups of people to get a range of diverse lifestyles, including Greeks, Anglo-Celtic Australians and Swedish people, and it found that people who had completely different eating habits — and completely different lives, we might reasonably assume — also had different amounts of wrinkles. * The Cochrane review on preventing lung cancer pooled data from four trials, describing the experiences of over 100,000 participants, and found no benefit from antioxidants, and indeed an increase in risk of lung cancer in participants taking ß-carotene and retinol together.

Answer 150

[puːld] объединённый pooled experiences — коллективный опыт

Question 151

immaturity * The diamond at the bottom shows the pooled answer: that there is, in fact, very strong evidence indeed for steroids reducing the risk — by 30 to 50 per cent — of babies dying from the complications of immaturity.

Answer 151

[ˌɪmə'tjuərətɪ] незрелость to display immaturity — проявлять незрелость Syn: unripeness

Question 152

deprived * We should always remember the human cost of these abstract numbers: babies died unnecessarily because they were deprived of this li fe-saving treatment for a decade.

Answer 152

[dɪ'praɪvd] ; малоимущий; неимущий (политкорректный термин) the deprived — малоимущие; лица или слои общества, находящиеся в неблагоприятном положении Syn: underprivileged , disadvantaged

Question 153

fascinates * If this fascinates you (and I would be very surprised), then I am currently producing a summary with some colleagues, and you will soon be able to find it online at badscience. net, in all its glorious detail, explaining the results of the various meta-analyses performed on homeopathy. * Everybody agrees that we should work to minimise the errors, everybody agrees that doctors are sometimes terrible; if the subject fascinates you, then I encourage you to buy one of the libraries worth of books on clinical governance. * One thing that fascinates me is this: Dr Curry is a proper academic (although a political theorist, not a scientist).

Answer 153

['fæsɪneɪt] / 1) восхищать, приводить в восторг, очаровывать, пленять People were standing fascinated at the spectacle of a rocket launching. — Люди стояли зачарованные видом взлетающей ракеты. His eloquence fascinates and astonishes. — Его красноречие завораживает и изумляет. Syn: charm 2., enchant 2) гипнотизировать, зачаровывать взглядом (обычно о змеях)

Question 154

pundits * Clinicians, pundits and researchers all like to say things like There is a need for more research, because it sounds forward-thinking and open-minded.

Answer 154

['pʌndɪt] 1) пандит, мудрец (толкователь законов и религиозно-правовых установлений индуизма) 2) эксперт, специалист 3) учёный муж

Question 155

banned * In fact thats not always the case, and its a littleknown fact that this very phrase has been effectively banned from the British Medical Journal for many years, on the grounds that it adds nothing: you may say what research is missing, on whom, how, measuring what, and why you want to do it, but the hand-waving, superficially open-minded call for more research is meaningless and unhelpful. * On the first day, Rasnick suggested that all HIV testing should be banned on principle, and that South Africa should stop screening supplies of blood for HIV.

Answer 155

[bæn] / 1. 1) запрещение The ban against the tournament was fruitless. — Попытка запретить турниры не дала результатов. - under a ban 2) отлучение от церкви, анафема 3) приговор об изгнании; объявление вне закона 2. 1) налагать запрет; запрещать Syn: prohibit 2) проклинать She always blessed the old and banned the new. — Она всегда одобряла старое и проклинала новое. Syn: curse 3) отлучать от церкви, предавать анафеме

Question 156

collateral * People do experience that homeopathy is positive for them, but the action is likely to be in the whole process of going to see a homeopath, of being listened to, having some kind of explanation for your symptoms, and all the other collateral benefits of old – fashioned, paternalistic, reassuring medicine. * And here, it seems that this placebo explanation — even if grounded in sheer fantasy — can be beneficial to a patient, although interestingly, perhaps not without collateral damage, and it must be done delicately: assertively and authoritatively giving someone access to the sick role can also reinforce destructive illness beliefs and behaviours, unnecessarily medicalise symptoms like aching muscles (which for many people are everyday occurrences), and militate against people getting on with life and getting better.

Answer 156

[kə'læt(ə)r(ə)l] / 1. 1) сопутствующий, вспомогательный 2) несущественный, второстепенный He digressed into collateral matters. — Он отвлёкся и стал говорить о каких-то частностях. Syn: concomitant 1., secondary 1., minor 1., accompanying , attendant 2. 3) подсобный; подчинённый (о структуре, отрасли промышленности) Syn: ancillary 4) боковой (о родстве) Syn: oblique 1., indirect 5) согласованный, параллельный The Rocky Mountains occur occasionally in collateral ridges. — Скалистые горы местами располагаются в виде параллельных горных хребтов. Syn: parallel 2., coordinate 1. 2. 1) родство по боковой линии 2) родственник по боковой линии 3) равный (по положению) , соперник, конкурент Syn: rival 1. 4) сопутствующее обстоятельство 5) гарантия, поручительство (финансовое) ; дополнительное обеспечение (техническое) Syn: pledge 1.

Question 157

superb * So we should measure that; and here is the final superb lesson in evidence-based medicine that homeopathy can teach us: sometimes you need to be imaginative about what kinds of research you do, compromise, and be driven by the questions that need answering, rather than the tools available to you. * I just got a job as a cleaner to take some MRSA swabs for my filthy hospital superbug scandal, he said, but they all came back negative. * If you have ever seen an undercover MRSA superbug positive swab scandal, it definitely came from here.

Answer 157

[s(j)uː'pɜːb] / 1) великолепный 2) роскошный, величественный 3) благородный

Question 158

imaginative * So we should measure that; and here is the final superb lesson in evidence-based medicine that homeopathy can teach us: sometimes you need to be imaginative about what kinds of research you do, compromise, and be driven by the questions that need answering, rather than the tools available to you. * To engage meaningfully in a political process of managing the evils of big pharma, we need to understand a little about the business of evidence: only then can we understand why transparency is so important in pharmaceutical research, for example, or the details of how it can be made to work, or concoct new and imaginative solutions.

Answer 158

[ɪ'mæʤɪnətɪv] / 1) одарённый богатым воображением Syn: creative 2) творческий, оригинальный imaginative solution to a long-standing problem — оригинальное решение давнишней проблемы 3) образный, художественный - imaginative literature 4) воображаемый, мнимый; нереальный Syn: unreal , fancied , imaginary

Question 159

rigorous * One study actually thought to ask people with osteoarthritis of the knee what kind of research they wanted to be carried out, and the responses were fascinating: they wanted rigorous real-world evaluations of the benefits from physiotherapy and surgery, from educational and coping strategy interventions, and other pragmatic things. * In 1993 Paul Knipschild, Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Maastricht, published a chapter in the mighty textbook Systematic Reviews: he had gone to the extraordinary trouble of approaching the literature as it stood when Pauling was working, and subjecting it to the same rigorous systematic review that you would find in a modern paper. * In fact, there is an important lesson about science here: you can do a less rigorous experiment, for practical reasons, as long as you are clear about what you are doing when you present your study, so other people can make their own minds up about how they interpret your findings. * The evidence is indeed weak, because the drug companies have failed to subject their medications to sufficiently rigorous testing on real-world outcomes, rigorous testing that would be much less guaranteed to produce a positive result.

Answer 159

['rɪg(ə)rəs] / 1) строгий; неумолимый; безжалостный rigorous measures — строгие меры rigorous military training — суровая военная подготовка I hope she will not be too rigorous with the young ones. — Надеюсь, она не будет очень строга по отношению к молодёжи. Syn: austere , stern , strict 2) суровый, холодный (обычно о климате, погоде) rigorous winter — суровая зима Syn: severe 3) доскональный, скрупулёзный, тщательный; неукоснительный He is rigorous in his control of expenditure. — Он очень тщательно следит за своими расходами. rigorous accuracy — доскональная точность Syn: careful , thorough 1., scrupulous 4) точный rigorous scientific method — точный научный метод Syn: exact 1., precise , accurate

Question 160

evaluation * One study actually thought to ask people with osteoarthritis of the knee what kind of research they wanted to be carried out, and the responses were fascinating: they wanted rigorous real-world evaluations of the benefits from physiotherapy and surgery, from educational and coping strategy interventions, and other pragmatic things.

Answer 160

[ɪˌvælju'eɪʃ(ə)n] 1) оценка, определение (качества, важности, пригодности) to make an evaluation — оценивать critical evaluation — критическая оценка fair / objective evaluation — объективная оценка 2) оценка, определение стоимости

Question 161

coping * One study actually thought to ask people with osteoarthritis of the knee what kind of research they wanted to be carried out, and the responses were fascinating: they wanted rigorous real-world evaluations of the benefits from physiotherapy and surgery, from educational and coping strategy interventions, and other pragmatic things.

Answer 161

['kəupɪŋ] 1) верхний, перекрывающий ряд кладки стены; парапетная плита; карниз; навес coping block — карнизный блок coping brick — карнизный кирпич 2) гребень плотины

Question 162

legitimate * It would be a legitimate use of public money (or perhaps money from Boiron, the homeopathic pill company valued at $500 million), but theres nothing to stop homeopaths from just cracking on and doing it for themselves: because despite the homeopaths fantasies, born out of a lack of knowledge, that research is difficult, magical and expensive, in fact such a trial would be very cheap to conduct.

Answer 162

1. [lɪ'ʤɪtəmət] / 1) законнорождённый, рождённый в браке 2) законный, легальный; легитимный legitimate government — законно избранное правительство legitimate power — законная власть Is it legitimate to pose such questions? — Законно ли задавать такие вопросы? Syn: lawful , legal , valid 3) разумный, правильный, логичный; приемлемый; допустимый legitimate claim — обоснованное требование legitimate conclusion — логичное заключение Syn: reasonable , acceptable 4) истинный, настоящий, неподдельный; серьёзный legitimate or symphonic music — серьёзная, или симфоническая музыка 2. [lɪ'ʤɪtəmeɪt] 1) а) узаконивать б) признавать законным в) оправдывать, находить оправдание; подтверждать It legitimates my advice; for it is the only way to save our lives. — Это подтверждает верность моего совета, ибо это единственный путь к нашему спасению. Syn: authorize , justify 2) усыновлять (внебрачного ребёнка) 3. [lɪ'ʤɪtəmət] / 1) законнорождённый ребёнок Legitimates and natural children were brought up together. — Законнорождённые и побочные дети воспитывались вместе. 2) а) законный правитель б) защищающий законного правителя 3) (the legitimate) профессиональный театр

Question 163

drip * Their literature and debates drip with ignorance, and vitriolic anger at anyone who dares to appraise the trials. * In order for him to repay his debt to society, with the ARVs he claims to take administered daily under close medical watch at the full prescribed dose, morning noon and night, without interruption, to prevent him faking that hes being treatment compliant, pushed if necessary down his forced-open gullet with a finger, or, if he bites, kicks and screams too much, dripped into his arm after hes been restrained on a gurney with cable ties around his ankles, wrists and neck, until he gives up the ghost on them, so as to eradicate this foulest, most loathsome, unscrupulous and malevolent blight on the human race, who has plagued and poisoned the people of South Africa, mostly black, mostly poor, for nearly a decade now, since the day he and his TAC first hit the scene. * A thick tangle of blond curls dripped down past his golden choker and high velvet collar. * I believe I was younger than you the first time I got truly and sincerely drunk." He snagged a roasted onion, dripping brown with gravy, from a nearby trencher and bit into it. * Honey and grease ran over his fingers and dripped down into his beard as he nibbled at the tender meat. * "A noble lady does not feed dogs at her table," she said, breaking off another piece of comb and letting the honey drip down onto her bread. * Dense thickets of half-drowned trees pressed close around them, branches dripping with curtains of pale fungus. * "Did I say it was? Im leading you to the dungeons to slit your throat and seal your corpse up behind a wall," Littlefinger replied, his voice dripping with sarcasm. * The Nights Watch"—he reached inside the deer, ripped out its heart, and held it in his fist, red and dripping—"or this." * He laid trenchers of bread before them and filled them with chunks of browned meat off a skewer, dripping with hot juice.

Answer 163

[drɪp] / 1. 1) капать, падать каплями; стекать Pine branches were dripping with moisture. — Вода стекала с сосновых ветвей. 2) ; ворчать, жаловаться Syn: complain , grumble 2. 1) капанье Syn: leak 2) капающая жидкость 3) капель 4) шум падающих капель 5) скучный человек, зануда 6) ; = dripstone 1) 7) ; капельница Syn: IV 1. 1) 8) капёж

Question 164

ignorance * Hahnemann professed, and indeed recommended, complete ignorance of the physiological processes going on inside the body: he treated it as a black box, with medicines going in and effects coming out, and championed only empirical data, the effects of the medicine on symptoms (The totality of symptoms and circumstances observed in each individual case, he said, is the one and only indication that can lead us to the choice of the remedy). * Now the tables are turned: today the medical profession is frequently happy to accept ignorance of the details of mechanism, as long as trial data shows that treatments are effective (we aim to abandon the ones that arent), whereas homeopaths rely exclusively on their exotic theories, and ignore the gigantic swathe of negative empirical evidence on their efficacy. * We do not know how general anaesthetics work, but we know that they do work, and we use them despite our ignorance of the mechanism. * Their literature and debates drip with ignorance, and vitriolic anger at anyone who dares to appraise the trials. * They choose death, through ignorance and laziness, but you choose life, fresh fish, olive oil, and thats why youre healthy. * My basic hypothesis is this: the people who run the media are humanities graduates with little understanding of science, who wear their ignorance as a badge of honour. * Most people are aware that there was a statistical error in the prosecution case, but few know the true story, or the phenomenal extent of the statistical ignorance that went on in the case. * In his stubborn ignorance, he had not even known he was being mocked; the carts were for eunuchs, cripples, women giving birth, the very young and the very old. * You are a child, with a childs ignorance.

Answer 164

['ɪgn(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] / 1) невежественность, невежество, необразованность to betray / demonstrate ignorance — обнаруживать невежество to display / show ignorance — проявлять невежество abysmal / profound / total / complete ignorance — безграничное / глубокое / полное невежество blatant / crass / rank — грубое невежество 2) неведение, незнание from / through ignorance — по неведению blissful ignorance — блаженное неведение in ignorance of smth. — в неведении относительно чего-л. ignorance about smth. — незнание чего-л.

Question 165

vitriolic * Their literature and debates drip with ignorance, and vitriolic anger at anyone who dares to appraise the trials. * In July 2004, two days after Malyszewicz allowed these two real microbiologists in to examine his garden shed, the Sunday Mirror wrote a long, vitriolic piece about them: Health Secretary John Reid was accused last night of trying to gag Britains leading expert on the killer bug MRSA.

Answer 165

[ˌvɪtrɪ'ɔlɪk] 1) купоросный 2) едкий, резкий, саркастический (о речи, людях) Syn: sarcastic

Question 166

skirt around * Their university courses, as far as they ever even dare to admit what they teach on them (its all suspiciously hidden away), seem to skirt around such explosive and threatening questions.

Answer 166

уклоняться (от чего-л.) , обходить (острые углы, щекотливые темы и т. п.) You can't skirt around the matter, you'll have to give the workers a definite answer. — Вы не можете обходить эту проблему стороной: вам придётся дать рабочим определённый

Question 167

hotline * Ive suggested in various places, including at academic conferences, that the single thing that would most improve the quality of evidence in CAM would be funding for a simple, evidence-based medicine hotline, which anyone thinking about running a trial in their clinic could phone up and get advice on how to do it properly, to avoid wasting effort on an unfair test that will rightly be regarded with contempt by all outsiders.

Answer 167

['hɔtlaɪn] телефонная ''горячая линия''

Question 168

handout * Just one thing gives me hope, and that is the steady trickle of emails I receive on the subject from children, ecstatic with delight at the stupidity of their teachers: Id like to submit to Bad Science my teacher who gave us a handout which says that Water is best absorbed by the body when provided in frequent small amounts. * In my pipe dream (Im completely serious, if youve got the money) youd need a handout, maybe a short course that people did to cover the basics, so they werent asking stupid questions, and phone support.

Answer 168

['hændaut] 1) милостыня, подаяние to ask for a handout — просить милостыню I am not interested in government handouts. — Меня не интересуют подачки правительства. Syn: alms , charity 2) хендаут (тезисы доклада, лекции, раздаваемые слушателям) 3) проспект; рекламка 4) пресс-релиз; текст заявления для печати 1) выдавать, раздавать бесплатно to hand out medicine and tents to the homeless people — раздавать лекарства и палатки оказавшимся без крова людям 2) давать не задумываясь Aunt Mabel likes to hand out advice to the young people, whether they want it or not. — Тетя Мейбл обожает давать советы молодым людям, хотят они того или нет.

Question 169

nuance * You often see homeopaths trying to nuance their way through this tricky area, and they cant quite make their minds up. * She has a mainstream prime-time television nutrition show, yet she seems to misunderstand not nuances, but the most basic aspects of biology, things that a schoolchild could put her straight on. * Not only was this crucial nuance of the prosecutors fallacy missed at the time — by everyone in the court — it was also clearly missed in the appeal, at which the judges suggested that instead of one in seventy-three million, Meadow should have said very rare. * An entire court process failed to spot the nuance of how the figure should be used.

Answer 169

['njuːɑːn(t)s] ; нюанс, оттенок fine / subtle nuance — тонкий оттенок Syn: shade

Question 170

archived * Here, for example, is a Radio 4 interview, archived in full online, where Dr Elizabeth Thompson (consultant homeopathic physician, and honorary senior lecturer at the Department of Palliative Medicine at the University of Bristol) has a go.

Answer 170

['ɑːkaɪv] ; обычно архив (хранилище и материалы) Syn: chancery , file

Question 171

hay * Then the interviewer asks: What would you say to people who go along to their high street pharmacy, where you can buy homeopathic remedies, they have hay fever and they pick out a hay-fever remedy, I mean presumably thats not the way it works? * He saw Hodor, the simple giant from the stables, carrying an anvil to Mikkens forge, hefting it onto his shoulder as easily as another man might heft a bale of hay. * Hodor lifted Bran as easy as if he were a bale of hay, and cradled him against his massive chest. * Samwell Tarly awaited them in the old stables, slumped on the ground against a bale of hay, too anxious to sleep.

Answer 171

[heɪ] / 1. 1) сено to bundle / gather / stack hay — убирать сено 2) награда, премия, приз Syn: reward , recompense 3) небольшая сумма денег 4) кровать, ложе, постель Syn: bed 5) солома, трава, марихуана •• Make hay while the sun shines. — Коси коса, пока роса.; Куй железо, пока горячо. - hit the hay - make hay of smth. 2. 1) а) проводить сенокос, косить траву б) сушить сено в) заготавливать сено 2) кормить сеном

Question 172

presumably * Then the interviewer asks: What would you say to people who go along to their high street pharmacy, where you can buy homeopathic remedies, they have hay fever and they pick out a hay-fever remedy, I mean presumably thats not the way it works? * That, presumably, is why they said quite clearly in their summary, in their press release and in the full report that there was no change from 2004 to 2005. * The only way it would or rather should happen is if GP practices have a surgical day care facility as part of their premises which is staffed by appropriately trained staff, i.e. theatre staff, anaesthetist and gynaecologist … any surgical operation is not without its risks, and presumably [we] will undergo gynaecological surgical training in order to perform.

Answer 172

[prɪ'zjuːməblɪ] / предположительно, возможно, вероятно, по-видимому Syn: apparently

Question 173

rank * Companies still name them on the label, wallowing in the glory of their efficacy at higher potencies, because you dont have to give the doses of your ingredients, only their ranked order. * But she doesnt want to break ranks and say the pills dont work, either. * Clarion asked me to help by analysing survey data from eight hundred men in which they were asked to rank ten celebrities for sexiness of walk. * Aegon Dragonlord had perhaps a fifth that number, the chroniclers said, and most of those were conscripts from the ranks of the last king he had slain, their loyalties uncertain. * The sly arrogance of the comment rankled him. * His horse moved closer, caught the rank scent of blood, and galloped away. * Lord Beric Dondarrion, you shall have the command, as befits your rank." * I denounce him, and attaint him, and strip him of all rank and titles, of all lands and incomes and holdings, and do sentence him to death. * Littlefinger had concealed Catelyn and helped Ned in his inquiries, yet his haste to save his own skin when Jaime and his swords had come out of the rain still rankled. * The hall was crowded and noisy when they entered, the cushions packed with those whose rank and name were not sufficient to allow them at the ceremony.

Answer 173

[ræŋk] / 1. 1) ряд, линия to form up in three ranks — располагать в три ряда Take the taxi at the head of the rank. — Садитесь в первое такси на стоянке. Syn: row , series , line I 1. 2) шеренга to form a rank — строиться в шеренгу - close ranks 3) звание; чин; служебное или социальное положение; ранг to hold the rank of captain — иметь звание капитана junior / low rank — низкое звание; низкие слои (общества) senior / high rank — старшее, высокое звание; высшие круги, слои - pull one's rank on smb. - pull rank on smb. - pull one's rank - pull rank Syn: position 1. 4) категория, класс, разряд, ранг rank of coal — марка угля rank correlation — ранговая корреляция Syn: category , class 1. 5) высокое социальное положение the privileges of rank — привилегии высших слоёв общества 6) (the ranks) рядовой и сержантский состав армии (в противопоставление офицерскому) • - the rank and file - rise from the ranks - reduce to the ranks 2. 1) а) располагать в ряд, в линию; строить в шеренгу б) располагаться в ряд; строиться в шеренгу 2) а) ценить, расценивать, располагать по рангу We rank you as our best candidate. — Ты у нас лучший кандидат. б) котироваться, занимать какое-л. место to rank high — высоко котироваться to rank as an outstanding chess-player — считаться выдающимся шахматистом She ranks as the finest teacher we have. — Она у нас самый лучший учитель. Syn: rate 3) превосходить по чину, званию A major ranks above a captain. — Майор по чину выше капитана. The Secretary of State ranks all the other members of the Cabinet. — Государственный секретарь занимает более высокое положение, чем все остальные члены правительства. Nobody ranks above Shakespeare. — Никто не может превзойти Шекспира.

Question 174

flick * If there is, Dr Thompson doesnt find it: They might flick through and they might just be spot-on … [but] youve got to be very lucky to walk in and just get the right remedy. * Flickering light touched the stones underfoot and brushed against a long procession of granite pillars that marched ahead, two by two, into the dark. * His reading lamp was flickering, its oil all but gone, as dawn light leaked through the high windows. * Catelyn could see the flickering reddish light through the open window now. * When they reached the Red Keep, the portcullis was down and the great gates sealed for the night, but the castle windows were alive with flickering lights. * "I would have told you that there was only one knife like this at Kings Landing." He grasped the blade between thumb and forefinger, drew it back over his shoulder, and threw it across the room with a practiced flick of his wrist. * Pycelles sleepy eyes flicked open. * Tyrion Lannister pulled a coin from his purse and flicked it up over his head, caught it, tossed it again. * The ground was rocky and uneven; the flickering light made it seem to shift and move beneath her. * Across the Great Yard, he noticed the flickering glow of candlelight from Littlefingers windows.

Answer 174

[flɪk] 1. 1) внезапный лёгкий удар, щелчок (действие и звук) to give a flick on the nose — дать щелчок по носу The horse went faster when it was given a quick flick of the whip. — Лошадь пошла быстрее, после того как её стегнули кнутом. 2) а) резкое движение; рывок; толчок б) что-л. выброшенное резким движением flick of a spray — впрыск аэрозоли 3) (the flicks) ; ; кино, киношка Syn: flicker I, 4) 2. 1) слегка ударить (резким быстрым движением) ; стегнуть, щёлкнуть, хлестнуть Windscreen wipers flick from side to side. — Дворники на ветровом стекле щёлкают из стороны в сторону. The boys ran round the swimming pool, flicking each other with their towels. — Мальчишки бегали вокруг бассейна, хлеща друг друга полотенцами. Horses flick their tails to make flies go away. — Лошади хлещут себя хвостами, отгоняя мух. 2) а) (flick off / away) смахнуть, стряхнуть, сбросить (что-л. лёгким ударом или щелчком) Could you just flick the dust off the windows? — Вы не могли бы просто смахнуть пыль с окон? б) сдвинуть рывком, толчком 3) (flick out) быстро вытащить, выхватить 4) щёлкать (кнопкой, выключателем) to flick a switch — щёлкнуть выключателем to flick smth. on / off — включить / выключить что-л. He flicked the TV on. — Он включил телевизор. 5) (flick through) бегло просматривать, пролистывать She flicked idly through the pages of a magazine. — Она лениво пролистывала журнал.

Question 175

finesse * If they cant finesse it with the power is not in the pill paradox, how else do the homeopaths get around all this negative data?

Answer 175

[fɪ'nes] 1. 1) тонкость; изящество, искусность to understand all the force and finesse of those three languages — понять всю силу и изящество этих трёх языков 2) ловкость, хватка, тонкая стратегия, коварство Syn: artfulness , cunning , skill 3) хитрость, уловка Syn: artifice , stratagem , trick 4) прорезывание (ход) 2. 1) искусно выполнять (что-л.) 2) использовать ухищрения, уловки; уклоняться, обходить (что-л.) Syn: evade , trick 3) прорезать

Question 176

refine * Homeopaths have been careful to keep themselves outside of the civilising environment of the university, where the influence and questioning of colleagues can help to refine ideas, and weed out the bad ones. * I welcome other people challenging my ideas: it helps me to refine them. * They take huge effort to produce, and need to be tested (on human participants, with all the attendant risks) and trialled and refined and marketed just like a new drug. * Medical academic research today moves forward through the gradual emergence of small incremental improvements, in our understanding of drugs, their dangers and benefits, best practice in their prescription, the nerdy refinement of obscure surgical techniques, identification of modest risk factors, and their avoidance through public health programmes (like five-a-day) which are themselves hard to validate. * Sansa would shine in the south, Catelyn thought to herself, and the gods knew that Arya needed refinement.

Answer 176

[rɪ'faɪn] / 1) очищать (от примесей) , рафинировать; повышать качество; облагораживать to refine oil — очищать нефть to refine copper — очищать медь Syn: purify , cleanse , clarify 2) а) становиться более изящным, утончённым, изысканным б) облагораживать, делать более изящным, утончённым, изысканным Syn: elevate , polish 2. 3) (refine (up)on) усовершенствовать, улучшать (что-л.) We shall have to refine on our methods of advertising. — Мы должны сделать наши методы рекламы более действенными. Syn: improve 4) (refine (up)on) вдаваться в тонкости; детализировать, уточнять to refine upon abstractions — вдаваться в абстрактные рассуждения

Question 177

weed * Homeopaths have been careful to keep themselves outside of the civilising environment of the university, where the influence and questioning of colleagues can help to refine ideas, and weed out the bad ones. * Gillian McKeiths Wild Pink and Horny Goat Weed sex supplement pills, however, sold for maintaining erections, orgasmic pleasure, ejaculation … lubrication, satisfaction, and arousal, could claim no such evidence for efficacy (and in 2007, after much complaining, these seedy and rather old – fashioned products were declared illegal by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA). * In 2007, as has been noted, she was censured by the MHRA for selling a rather crass range of herbal sex pills called Fast Formula Horny Goat Weed Complex, advertised as having been shown by a controlled study to promote sexual satisfaction, and sold with explicit medicinal claims. * The Wild Pink Yam and Horny Goat Weed products marketed by McKeith Research Ltd were never legal for sale in the UK. * "Cold?" A hard frost was settling over the castle, and Jon could hear the soft crunch of grey weeds beneath his boots. * It stretched out before him, narrow and stony and pocked with weeds, a road of no particular promise, yet the sight of it filled Jon Snow with a vast longing. * "Is it time to go? I shouldnt be late, they might change their minds." He was fairly bouncing as they crossed the weed-strewn courtyard. * In the blink of an eye he was off, racing across the broad, weed-choked field to vanish in the trees. * "Treason is a noxious weed," Pycelle declared solemnly.

Answer 177

weed I [wiːd] / 1. 1) сорная трава, сорняк 2) водоросль 3) а) трава; небольшое растение б) куст, дерево 4) а) табак б) сигарета в) марихуана; косяк с марихуаной 5) тощий человек; кляча 6) что-л. вредное, мерзкое, неприятное •• Ill weeds grow apace. — Дурная трава в рост идёт. 2. 1) полоть 2) избавлять, очищать The Senate was at once weeded of many of its disreputable members. — В Сенате сразу избавились от многих сенаторов, пользующихся дурной репутацией. Syn: rid 3) ; красть, воровать • - weed out II [wiːd] / 1) одежда, платье monastic weed — монашеские одеяния 2) = iron weed, = steel weed кольчуга, доспехи, латы 3) (weeds) обычно widow's weeds вдовий траур 4) траурная повязка, креп

Question 178

forays * In their rare forays, they enter them secretively, walling themselves and their ideas off from criticism or review, refusing to share even what is in their exam papers with outsiders.

Answer 178

['fɔreɪ] / 1. 1) а) набег; нападение bold foray — смелое нападение to make a foray — совершать нападение Syn: raid б) мародёрство 2) вторжение в новую область деятельности He has no doubts that his firm's foray into Linux will pay off. — Он не сомневается, что переход его фирмы на Linux окупится. 2. 1) а) совершать набег, налёт б) мародёрствовать, грабить 2) вторгаться в новую область деятельности

Question 179

walling * In their rare forays, they enter them secretively, walling themselves and their ideas off from criticism or review, refusing to share even what is in their exam papers with outsiders.

Answer 179

wall|ing noun [mass noun] 1) a length of wall the castle's high perimeter walling ■ the material from which a wall is built 2) the action of building a wall

Question 180

engaging * It is rare to find a homeopath engaging on the issue of the evidence, but what happens when they do? * This is a chilling testament to the danger of elevating cranks by engaging with them. * We mustnt appear insensitive to the Christian value system, but it seems to me that engaging sex workers is almost the cornerstone of any effective AIDS policy: commercial sex is frequently the vector of transmission, and sex workers a very high-risk population; but there are also more subtle issues at stake. * Ten per cent of all science stories were about MMR, and MMR was also by far the most likely to generate letters to the press (so people were clearly engaging with the issue); by far the most likely science topic to be written about in opinion or editorial pieces; and it generated the longest stories.

Answer 180

[ɪn'geɪʤɪŋ], [en-] / 1) привлекательный, притягательный, обаятельный, очаровательный, обворожительный the most engaging quality of character — наиболее привлекательная черта характера Syn: winning , attractive , pleasing 2) зацепляющийся; зацепляющий engaging mechanism — механизм включения engaging lever — пусковой рычаг; рычаг включения

Question 181

ludicrous * They get angry, they threaten to sue, they scream and shout at you at meetings, they complain spuriously and with ludicrous misrepresentations — time-consuming to expose, of course, but thats the point of harassment — to the Press Complaints Commission and your editor, they send hate mail, and accuse you repeatedly of somehow being in the pocket of big pharma (falsely, although you start to wonder why you bother having principles when faced with this kind of behaviour). * We have covered many of the themes elsewhere: the seductive march to medicalise everyday life; the fantasies about pills, mainstream and quack; and the ludicrous health claims about food, where journalists are every bit as guilty as nutritionists. * The research never justified the medias ludicrous over-interpretation. * In some respects this is just one more illustration of how unreliable intuition can be in assessing risks like those presented with a vaccine: not only is it a flawed strategy for this kind of numerical assessment, on outcomes which are too rare for one person to collect meaningful data on them in their personal journey through life; but the information you are fed by the media about the wider population is ludicrously, outrageously, criminally crooked.

Answer 181

['luːdɪkrəs] / курьёзный, нелепый, смехотворный, смешной evidently / absolutely ludicrous — совершенно нелепый ludicrous amount of money — смехотворно малая сумма денег ludicrous demand / charge — абсурдное требование / обвинение ludicrous question — нелепый вопрос to dismiss an accusation / an assertion / a claim as ludicrous — игнорировать нелепое обвинение / утверждение / претензию The whole idea was ludicrous. — Эта идея была полным абсурдом. It's ludicrous to dress like that. — Смешно носить такую одежду. It's ludicrous that we have to show our pass each time. — Просто нелепо, что мы должны каждый раз предъявлять пропуск. - ludicrous notion Syn: absurd

Question 182

harassment * They get angry, they threaten to sue, they scream and shout at you at meetings, they complain spuriously and with ludicrous misrepresentations — time-consuming to expose, of course, but thats the point of harassment — to the Press Complaints Commission and your editor, they send hate mail, and accuse you repeatedly of somehow being in the pocket of big pharma (falsely, although you start to wonder why you bother having principles when faced with this kind of behaviour). * We were accused of running a vexatious campaign of harassment.

Answer 182

['hærəsmənt], [hə'ræsmənt] 1) беспокойство, агрессия, оскорбление, притеснение to engage in harassment — оскорблять 2) харассмент (термин, используемый чаще всего для обозначения сексуальных домогательств на рабочем месте, также и для других видов действий, производимых вопреки желанию объекта) - sexual harassment

Question 183

smear * And that will be perfectly true (along with many other amino acids which are used by your body to assemble protein in joints, skin, and everywhere else), but there is no reason to believe that anyone is deficient in it, or that smearing it on your face will make any difference to your appearance. * Valmont Cellular DNA Complex is made from specially treated salmon roe DNA (Unfortunately, smearing salmon on your face wont have quite the same effect, said The Times in their review), but its spectacularly unlikely that DNA — a very large molecule indeed — would be absorbed by your skin, or indeed be any use for the synthetic activity happening in it, even if it was. * They bully, they smear, to the absolute top of the profession, and they do anything they can in a desperate bid to shut you up, and avoid having a discussion about the evidence. * They quoted experts as authorities instead of explaining the science, they ignored the historical context, they set idiots to cover the facts, they pitched emotive stories from parents against bland academics (who they smeared), and most bizarrely of all, in some cases they simply made stuff up. * It was also reported — doubtless as part of a cheap smear — that Cherie Blair and Carole Caplin encouraged the Prime Minister to have Sylvia douse and consult The Light, believed by Sylvia to be a higher being or God, by use of her pendulum to decide if it was safe to go to war in Iraq. * Her stomach roiled and heaved, yet she kept on, her face smeared with the heartsblood that sometimes seemed to explode against her lips. * The king scrawled his signature blindly, leaving a smear of blood across the letter. * A roll of crisp white parchment sealed with golden wax, a few short words and a smear of blood. * She bound the arrow wound with a plaster of wet leaves and turned to the gash on his breast, smearing it with a pale green paste before she pulled the flap of skin back in place. * Then his fingers would tighten, and when he opened his hand again, the fly would be only a red smear on his palm.

Answer 183

[smɪə] / 1. 1) (грязное) пятно Syn: smudge I 1., stain 1. 2) а) мазок (для микроскопических исследований) б) = cervical smear; = smear test; = Pap(anicolaou) smear мазок Папаниколау, мазок ПАП (в гинекологии) 3) клеветническое или дискредитирующее замечание; необоснованное обвинение 4) вязкое или липкое вещество 5) нерезкость, размытость (изображения) edge smear — размытость края изображения 2. 1) намазывать; размазывать; мазать толстым слоем to smear with glue — смазывать клеем 2) марать, пачкать, загрязнять, мазать Syn: daub 2., bedaub , besmear 3) порочить, бесчестить, позорить; дискредитировать Syn: disgrace 2., dishonor 2., sully 4) ; разгромить; подавить, одержать верх 5) размываться (об изображении)

Question 184

banter * Im not saying I dont enjoy a bit of banter. * She engaged in a spot of Europhobic banter with the Scottish Herald newspaper: EU bureaucrats are clearly concerned that people in the UK are having too much good sex, she explained. * Lord Nestor ignored the banter.

Answer 184

['bæntə] / 1. добродушное подшучивание good-natured / light banter — дружеское подшучивание witty banter — остроумное подшучивание 2. 1) добродушно подшучивать, подтрунивать, поддразнивать 2) обманывать, вводить в заблуждение Syn: delude

Question 185

mischievous * By now your head is hurting, because of all those mischievous, confusing homeopaths and their weird, labyrinthine defences: you need a lovely science massage. * A mischievous paper from the New England Journal of Medicine in 1991 showed that if a study was covered by the New York Times, it was significantly more likely to be cited by other academic papers.

Answer 185

['mɪsʧɪvəs] / 1) озорной; непослушный Syn: unruly , disobedient , naughty Ant: obedient 2) вредный, приносящий вред Syn: harmful , injurious

Question 186

foibles * We are human, we are irrational, we have foibles, and the power of the mind over the body is greater than anything you have previously imagined.

Answer 186

['fɔɪbl] / 1) слабость, слабая струнка, недостаток (характера) human foible — человеческая слабость Syn: weakness , fault 1., failing 1. 2) часть клинка, рапиры и т. п. от середины до заострённого конца